Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel variation: Caged birds: During the day (10.00-16.00 hrs), samples taken from caged birds showed variation in haematocrit, haemoglobin and blood lead both in individual birds and between birds (Fig.2A and 2B). Haemoglobin varied less than haematocrit, so blood lead values were corrected for haemoglobin. Corrected lead values were less variable than the uncorrected values (Fig. 2A, 2B). At night (16.00-07.00), haematocrit, haemoglobin and blood lead varied considerably with no pattern emerging irrespective of the degree of light exposure (false day or false night) (Fig.2C and Fig.2D). Blood lead levels were corrected for as above (Fig 2C, 2D). Wild birds: Two birds sampled at intervals of 6 hours in the field showed similiar patterns to caged birds. There were no differences in the values of blood lead corrected for haemoglobin for the two birds examined. One swan (specimen A, Table 1) showed very little variation in the blood lead level over the period sampled. A second swan (specimen B Table 1) ingested a lead weight on or about day 7 and the blood lead level did not reach its maximum concentration until 28 days after ingestion. The blood lead level dropped within 14 days of this maximum value. A third swan, (specimen C, Table 1) had ingested at least one lead weight on or before the first sampling date and had a maximum concentration on day 21. Although the blood lead concentration (umoles/L) on day 147 is less than on day 84 the opposite is the case - 23 -
Fig. 2. (A-D). Changes in haematocrit • , haemoglobin ~ , lead (umoles/L) A: and lead corrected for haemoglobin (ug Pb/ gHb) ----()---- in eight caged Mute swans during the day (2A and 2B). 2C and 2D (overleaf) changes in haematocrit, haemoglobin, lead and corrected lead in eight caged swans during the night. For C, specimens 9 and 10, the black shading indicates false night and for specimens 11 and 12 true night. For specimens 13 and 14 the black line indicates false night and true night for specimens 15 and 16. N +=' I ( l) ---, 14.oo 12.00 40.GO 30.00 4.uo 3.0C 6.liu - (2) 14. 00 13.0:l 40.00 30.00 1.00 . 0.00 l.5C 10.00 12.00 16.30 - . 1 I -• ~ .i.. ~ ..l. -· ;. -~- ~ l ~ J,. ~ 0.50 0-- '"""""-"0--"" ~ I (3) 17.00 16.bO 15. 00 50.00 40.G:; 2.00 1. 00 • 2.00 4/ 15. 00 14. O\l. u.o::; 45.0Q 40.QQ. 3.00 5.00 !0.00 12.00 16. ~ 0 ~~ l f ~ ~ ~- - ~j T ~ r----- 1 - 15. uO 14.00 40.00 30. :JO 2.0J 1. 00 2.50 15.00 14.00 45.00 40.00 (5) ~'"S) 10.00 . . ·12.00 16.30 I ~ J. - ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 • ----! __L__ - - ... ;...----- - ·~ . , ~~ ~ · 16.GC 15.00 45.00 40.00 (7) 2.00 2.70 CS} 11.0 10.00 12.00 16.30 T T ~ .. T T T . ~ - ~ ~ T • i l l 1. 90 ~ 2.70 2.00 ~ Fig. 2A Fig. 2B
Page 2 and 3: 0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5: This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9: - what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11: Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15: MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
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irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
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I the pellets as they moved in shor
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i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
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Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92:
SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
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I adults, immatures, females and ma
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I centrifugation in microhaematocri
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RESULTS All blood samples included
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Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
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Table 3. Haematological and biochem
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Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
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Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
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considered when using protoporphyri
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I the blood constituents, reflectin
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REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
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i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
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CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
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Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
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REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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