Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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REFERENCES Anon (1986). Central Fisheries Board of Ireland Report. 'Inland fisheries strategies for management and development'. 195pp Dublin. Bacon, P.J. & Coleman, A.E. (1986). An analysis of weight changes in Mute swan Cygnus olor. Bird Study. 33: 145-158. Bagley, G.E., Locke, L.N. & Nightingale, G.T. (1967). Lead poisoning in Canada geese in Delaware. Avian.Dis. 11: 601-608. Beer, J.V. & Stanley, P. (1965). Lead poisoning in Slimbridge Wildfowl collection. Wildfowl.Trust.Ann.Rep. 16: 30-34. Bellrose, F.C. (1959). Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations. Ill.Nat.Hist.Surv.Bull. 27: 235-288. Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica, J. & Loomis, M. (1976). Swan mortality due to certain heavy metals in the Mission Lake area. Idaho. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Toxic. 15: 171-174. Bouvier, G. & Horning, B. (1965). La pathologie du cygne tubercule (Cygnus olor) en Suisse. Mem.Soc.Vand.Sci.Nat. 14: 1-36. Borkenhagen, P. (1979). Schrotbleivergiftungen dei Wasserwild Zeithschrift fur Jagdwissenschafe. 3: 18-197. Birkhead, M. (1982). Causes of mortality in the Mute swan Cygnus olor on the River Thames. J.Zool. (Land) 198:. 15-25. Birkhead, M. (1983). Blood lead levels in Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River Thames. J. Zool. (Land). 199: 59-73 Birkhead, M. & Perrins, C.M. (1986). The Mute Swan. 157pp Croom Helm, London. Cabot, D. (1985). Editor, The State of the Environment. 206pp An Foras Forbartha. Dublin. - 81 - I
i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Prediction of response of blood lead to airborne and dietary lead from volunteer experiments with lead isotopes. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.(B) 224: 149-182. Clarke, E.G.C. & Clarke, M.L. (1975). Veterinary Toxicology. Bailliere Tindall. London. Clausen, B. & Wolstrup, C. (1979). Lead poisoning in game from Denmark. Danish Rev. of Game B1"ol 11· 22 . . pp. Cory-Slechta, D., Garman, R.H., & Seidman, D. (1980). Lead induced crop dysfunction in the pigeon. Toxicol. and Applied.Pharm. 52: 462-467. Danell, K.& Anderson, A. (1975). Lead shot in gizzards of ducks. Statens Naturvardsverk, PM.583: 23pp Del Bono, G. (1970). Il saturnismo degli uccelli acquatici. Annali.Fac.Med.Vet.Univ. Pisa 23: 102-151. French, M.C., (1984). Lead poisoning in Mute swans - an East Anglian Survey. In: Metals in animals, edited by D.Osborn, 25-29, (ITE Symposium no.12.) Abbots Ripton: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Haines, A. (1984). Angling paper bans lead-free advert. New.Sci. 104: 8. Holt, G., Froslie, A., & Norheim, G. (1978). Lead poisoning in Norwegan waterfowl. Nod.Vet - Med. 30: 380-386. Hovette, C. (1974). Le saturnisme des anatides sauvages. L'Institut Technique de l'Aviculture. July. 1974. H un t , A • E • (1977) • Lead Pol·soni·ng in swans. British Trust of Ornithology News. 90: 1-2. Janssen, D.L., Oosterhuis, J.E., Allen, J.L., Anderson, M.P., Kelts, D.G. & Wiemeyer, S.N. (1986). Lead poisoning in free ranging California condors. Amer.Vet.Med.Assoc. 189: 1115-1117. - 82 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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