Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Lead poisoned swans Tests were carried out on six bi'rds·. four Mute swans, ( specimen a b numbers 978 and 978 are from the same individual with an interval of one week between collection of specimens), and two Whooper swans were suffering from acute lead poisoning following the ingestion of anglers' weights or spent shot-gun pellets. They had kidney and liver lead levels diagnostic of lead poisoning (Table 7) (see O'Halloran et al., in press). Biochemical abnormalities were identified by comparison with the reference distributions given in Tables 1-2 and are listed in Table 6. The level of lead in the pancreas was high, while the levels of lead in the other tissues were variable (Table 7). All birds had high blood lead levels and had lost weight, (up to 40% in one case). The Mute swans were clearly suffering from hypochromic anaemia, as values of haemoglobin concentration and mean cell haemoglobin concentration values approached or were less than the lower reference limits. The two Whooper swans also had very low haemoglobin concentrations (Table 6). On the basis of haematocrit however, some birds would not be classified as anaemic since three adult males suffering from lead poisoning had haematocrit values greater than the lower reference range limit. Changes in blood chemistry were variable in lead poisoned birds, with eight biochemical parameters showing deviations from the reference distribution (Table 6). Levels of total protein (TP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed a consistent pattern of change, with low total protein values and high levels of plasma enzymes. Levels of protoporphyrin (PPIX) were high and exceeded the values of the reference range and the maximum level in 'normal' swans. Other parameters ranged above and below the reference distribution (Table 6). - 99 -
Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level, haematological and biochemical changes in acutely lead poisoned Mute swans (Cvgnus olor). NO. AGE SEX PB 1 PB WT. Rb MCHC HAEM TP. CA. UR. AST. LDH. GLU. CHOL. PPIX ,_ ......... 0 0 I - 1 978a Imm. F 7.0 18.30 7.40 7.90 31.00 25.20 31 2.10 236 1. 94 17.40 9.50 3.55 NA. 978b Imm. F 4.20 34.30 6.00 7.00 33.65 20.80 32 2.10 266 1. 04 NA 9.70 3.64 5.64 1007 Ad. M 21. 00 48.00 7.20 9.00 30.00 30.00 42 2.45 1278 3.90 19.00 7.60 10.15 37.40 1008 Ad. M 36.00 74.80 7.80 10.00 30.00 33.20 42 2.80 555 1. 65 11.45 10.00 7.00 16.80 1009 Ad. M 4.70 9.50 6.80 10.20 32.70 31. 20 37 2.32 165 2.25 21. 00 9.70 4.00 6.00 1010 Ad. F 4.20 14.50 4.60 6.00 29.60 20.30 31 2.28 169 1. 40 34.25 20.10 1. 84 46.75 1011 Ad. M 18.00 40.00 6.50 9.30 27.20 34.25 35 2.53 170 0.85 17.50 12.30 10. 00 33.80 lead. NA. Not analysed. Other abbreviations as in Tables 1-2.
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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