Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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differences [see O'Halloran et al. (A) in ] ~ ~ ' press • In the present study, changes in haematological parameters were detected in live swans with elevated lead. X-ray examination of birds revealed that the elevated lead was due to the ingestion of lead weights. O'Halloran et al., (B) [in press] reported that 22% of swans x-rayed at Cork Lough in S.W. Ireland had ingested lead weights in their gizzards. In this study, in two of the x-rayed birds, a lead weight was present in the gizzard and elevated blood lead levels. Swan no. 1 (Table 4), x-rayed a few weeks later, had lost it's lead weight and blood parameters had returned to normal. A third bird, (specimen no 9, Table 4) had no lead weights and a low blood lead level, but at some time between then and day 21, at least one lead weight was ingested. The elevated lead levels resulted in a decrease in circulating haemoglobin in the cell (hypochromic anaemia, specimens 6,7,8, Table 4), while in other swans, there was a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells. Despite the drop in haemoglobin levels, most birds recovered. In one swan, (specimen 1), the plumage remained poor for a year and the over-all condition of the bird was poor. Though haematological damage was found in these birds, it is likely that other metabolic damage had also been caused by elevated lead. Hunter and Wobesser (1980) reported that in a lead poisoned Mallard, anaemia w&s preceded by damage to the nervous system and this is likely to be true also for Mute swans. Location of waterways, numbers of pylons/wires and degree of urbanisation may be contributing factors in causing collisions. However, this study does suggest that sub-lethal effects of lead cause anaemia and other pathological damage which may lead to increased risk of colliding with objects. - 127 -
REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D., Bagnell, C.R., Ga ynor, J ., K rigman, M.R., Ross, D.W., Leander, J.D. and Mushak, D. (1982). Morphological, pharmocokinetic and hematological studies of lead exposed pigeons. Environmental Research. 28: 344-363. Barry, P.S.I. (1975). A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 32: 119-139. Birkhead, M. (1982). Causes of mortality in the Mute swan Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology (London). 198: 15-20. Birkhead, M. and Perrins, C. (1986). The Mute swan. Croom Helm. London. Bouldin, T.W., Muschak, P., O'Tuama, A. and Krigman, M.R. (1975). Blood brain barrier dysfunction in acute lead encephalopathy: a reappraisal. Environmental Health Perspective. 12: 81-88. Christian, R.G. and Tryphonas, L. (1971). brain lesions and hematologic changes. Lead poisoning in cattle: American Journal of Veterinary Research. 32: 203-216. Clarke, E.G.C. and Clarke, M.L. (1975). Veterinary Toxicology. Bailliere. London. D acie, · J .. v an d L ewis, · s . M . (1984) • Practical Haematology. 6th Edition. Churchill and Livinstone. London. Eld er, W . H • (1954) . The effects of lead poisoning on the fertility and fecundity of domestic Mallard ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 18: 315-323. Franson, J.C. (1986). Immunosuppressive effects of lead. In Freierabend, J.S. and Russell, A.B. Eds. Lead poisoning in wildfowl A Workshop; Natioanl Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C. 139pp. - 128 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131: which had collided had raised blood
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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