Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Table.I. Location and number of live birds blood sampled and corpses collected from October 1984 to April 1987. Location Irish Grid Reference No. Live birds Blood sampled No. Corpses examined Sources of lead contamination Cork Lough W665704 870 41 High * organo-lead and angling lead Shooting 100 years ago. Lough Neagh H901661 0 49 Low organo-lead claypigeon shooting. Antrim Road JJeJ. t.::is t: J32577.5 16 3 High organo-JeRd C111gling in ll1 c catchment of swans Galway M297249 13 0 High organo-lead Shannun L
30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicating the main areas of sampling. 1 Cork Lough, 2 = Malahide, Co.Dublin, 3 The Waterworks, Belfast, 4 = Lough Neagh, 5 Galway Harbour, 6 = Shannon Lagoon, Co.Clare, 7 = Lough Leane, Co.Kerry and 8 Kilcolman Wildfowl Refuge, Co.Cork. - 62 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
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CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
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Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
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REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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