Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Table 7. Number of lead pellets and tissue lead levels (ug/g) of acutely lead poisoned Mute swans (Cygnus olor). Specimen numbers correspond to those in Table 6. Specimen No. 978b 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 Number of lead pellets 0 7 14 0 0 7 Kidney 18.40 230.00 334.00 268.00 360.00 47.00 Liver 70.90 42.00 130.70 145.00 NA 47.00 Pancreas 10.10 68.00 50.00 240.00 400.00 450.00 Heart Muscle 1. 20 14.50 160.00 NA NA NA Breast Muscle 1. 20 46.00 10.30 NA NA NA Gizzard Muscle 5.60 28.00 6.40 NA NA NA NA Not analysed. - 101 -
DISCUSSION The normal range of haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit values reported here for Mute swans (Table 1) do not differ greatly from those reported elsewhere for other species of birds (Hodges, 1977) or mammals (Eccleston, 1977). Methodological deficiencies in the estimation of haemoglobin concentration have however resulted in a great deal of variation in reported values (Hodges, 1977). What is noticeable is the variation in the degree of sensitivity of different tests. Haematocrit has such a large reference range and is a crude method for the assessment of health or the effects of disease. This is further shown by the fact that no detectable differences were found in haematocrit values for age and sex. This may explain why Custer et al., (1984) found no difference in the haematocrit values of American kestrels Falco sparversus (L) which were exposed to high lead. On this basis, the use of haematocrit without knowledge of haemoglobin level as a measure of health or as measure of change in sick birds must be treated with caution. The level of haemoglobin was less variable and significant differences were found (Table 1). However, any differences between sexes should be viewed with caution, since.levels of haemoglobin varied greatly between individuals. While there were apparent differences on the gross scale, these differences may not be significant in individual birds. This can be seen from the large overlap in the reference distributions for the different classes (Table 1). Values of mean cell haemoglobin, provide a very useful measure of haemoglobin status and no differences were found between sexes. In most mammals and birds a MCHC value of less than 30.00 g/lOOmls is considered abnormal, (C. Hawkey pers. comm.). - 102 - I
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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