Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

More documents

Info

of lead may therefore result in collisions with objects. Hypochromic anaemia has been recorded in Mute swans dying from lead poisoning (O'Halloran et al., (A) in press). O'Halloran et al., (A) (in press) have recently reported haematological reference levels in healthy Mute swans, which allow changes in blood parameters to be measured to demonstrate some sub-lethal effects of lead, particularly on the haemopoietic system. This study reports the results of tissue lead levels in Mute swans found dead or moribund and on haematological changes in live mute swans with elevated blood lead levels. - 115 -
I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and analyses of samples Mute swan corpses were collected as part of a major study on the sources of lead contamination in this species in Ireland (see O'Halloran et al., (B) in press). Cause of death was determined, birds were weighed, and samples of liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, breast and gizzard muscle were taken for analysis. Blood and feather samples were taken from live uniquely ringed Mute swans at Cork Lough in S.W. Ireland and from live birds which had been involved in collisions. Blood and tissue lead levels were determined following acid digestion with 10% nitric acid (Aristar grade). Lead estimations were carried out using an SP 192 atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a flameless atomiser attachment and a wavelenth of 217 nm (O'Halloran and Duggan, 1984). Primary covert feathers were removed from live swans and the age of feathers ( i.e. whether the bird was at a moult or premoult stage) were noted. Each feather was washed three times in acetone and then in de-ionised water to remove surface contamination (Hiderbrand and White, 1974). Specimens were then dried to constant weight, reweighed and digested as for tissues. Haemoglobin (Hb) was determined by converting all haem species to alkaline haematin using a non-ionic detergent (O'Halloran et al., 1987b). Haematocrit (Haem) was calculated following micro-centrifugation at 12 000 X G. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was calculated following the method of Dacie and Lewis (1984) and lead levels were corrected for haemoglobin after - 116 -
Page 2 and 3:
0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5:
This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9:
- what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11:
Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17:
standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19:
I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21:
developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25:
Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27:
Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29:
RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31:
16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33:
for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37:
30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39:
Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41:
median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44:
elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46:
Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48:
Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52:
mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54:
commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56:
TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58:
I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62:
I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64:
42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68:
30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
show all

Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?