Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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i r ~ stress. The concentration of protoporphyrin IX is elevated and is 1 indicative of lead poisoning, following disruption of haeme synthesis (Lee, 1981). Glucose levels were variable in the lead poisoned birds, but if the high levels of lead in the pancreas caused this elevation, it is not known. Since no reference values were available for Whooper swans, the reference levels for Mute swans (Tables 1-2) were used to detect changes in blood chemistry examined. However, only with further study of blood chemistry for Whooper swans will it be possible to detect accurately biochemical changes due to lead poisoning. From the reference distributions established in this study, changes occurring in the blood of Mute swans following lead ingestion can be detected. While values for acutely lead poisoned birds are informative, small changes can be detected in chronically poisoned birds, using reference values reported here. Caution in the interpretation of levels of haemoglobin and protoporphyrin should, however, be exercised. Further study is required to determine sub-lethal effects of lead in Mute swans. - 107 -
REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M. and Highbee, J.M. (1968). Lead toxicosis in Mallard ducks. Bulletin of Wildlife Diseases Association. 4: 116-125. Birkhead, M. (1983) . Lead levels in the blood of Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology (London). 199: 59-73. Bush, B., Doran, D.R. and Jackson, K.W. (1982). Evaluation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin and zinc protoporphyrin as micro screening procedures for lead poisoning detection. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 19: 71-76. Bushby, S.R.M. (1970). Haematological studies during toxicity tests. In: Methods in toxicology. Ed. G.E.Payet. Blackwell: Oxford. p 338-3 71. Chisholm. J.J.,Jr., (1973). Management of increased lead absorption and lead poisoning in children. New England Journal of Medicine. 289: 1016-1024. Chisholm. J.J. Mellitis, E.D., Keil, J.E. and Barret, M.B. (1974). A simple microhaematocrit procedure as a screening technique for increased lead absorbtion in young chilaren. Journal of Paediatrics. 84: 490-498. Clarke, E.G.C and Clarke, M.L. (1975). Veterinary Toxicology. Bailliere. London. Custer, T.W., Franson, J.C. and Pattee. 0. (1984). Tissue lead distribution and haematological effects. in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead. Journal of Wildlife diseases. 20: 39-43. - 108 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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