Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Howarth, D.M., Hulbert, A.J. and Horning, D. (198l). A comparative study of heavy metal accumulation in tissue s o f creste d tern, Sterna bergii , breeding near industrialised and non - i'nd us t ria · l' ise d areas. Australian Wildlife Research. 8: 665-670. Howarth, D.M., Grant, T.R. and Hulbert, A.J. (1982). A comparative study of heavy metal accumulation in tissues of creasted tern Sterna bergii, breeding near an industrialised port before and after harbour dredging and ocean dumping. Australian Wildlife Research. 9: 571-579. Hiderbrand, P.C. and White, D.R. (1974). Trace element analysis in hair: An Evaluation. Clinical Chemistry: 148-151. Hunter, B. and Wobesser, G. (1980). Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy in lead poisoned Mallard ducks. Avian Diseases. 24: 169-178. Hutton, M. (1980). Metal contamination of Feral pigeons Columba livia from the London area: Part 2- Biological effects of lead exposure. Environmental Pollution. Series (A): 22: 281-293. Hutton, M. and Goodman, G.T. (1980). Metal contamination of Feral pigeons Columba livia from the London area: Part 1- Tissue accumulation of lead cadmium and zinc. Environmental Pollution. Series (A): 22: 207-217. Johnson, M.S., Pluck, H. and Moore, G. (1982). Accumulation and renal effects of lead in urban population of Feral pigeons Columba livia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 11: 761-767. Lee, W.R. (1981) . What happens in lead poisoning? Journal of the Royal College of Physicans of London. 15: 48-54. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. (1984). Lead levels in Mute swans in Cork. Irish Birds. 2: 501-514. - 129 -
O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Duggan, P.F. (1987a). Lead poisoning in Mute swans and fishing practice i'n Ireland. I n: Biological Indicators of Pollution. Ed. D.R. Richardson, 183-191. Royal Irish Academy. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. and Myers A.A. (1987b). Determination of haemoglobin in birds by a modified alkaline haematin (D-575) method. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 86: 701-704. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. and Myers, A.A. (A) (in press). Some biochemical reference values and changes in blood chemistry in Mute swans Cygnus olor with acute lead poisoning. Avian Pathology. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. (B) (in press). and sources of contamination in Ireland. Lead poisoning in swans Journal of Zoology (London). O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Duggan, P.F. (C) (in press). Blood lead levels and free red blood cell protoporphyrin as a measure of lead exposure in Mute swans. Environmental Pollution Series (A). Pentscew, A. and Garro, F. (1966). Lead encephalopathy of the suckling rat and its complications of porphyrino-pathic nervous system. Acta Neuropath. 6: 266-278. Rabinowits, M.D., Wetherill, G.W., and Kopp~e, J.D. (1974). Studies of human lead metabolism by stable isotope tracer. Environmental Health Perpect. 7: 145-153. Roscoe, D.E., Nielsen, S.W., Lamola, A.A. and Zuckerman, D. (1979). A simple quantitative erythrocytic protoporphyrin in lead poisoned ducks. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15: 127-136. - 130 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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