Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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REFERENCES Anon. (1986). Central Fisheries Board of Ireland Report. 'Inland Fisheries Strategies for Management and Development'. 195pp Anders, E., Dietz, D.D., Bagnell, C.R., Gaynor, J., Krigman, M.R., Ross, D.W., Leander, J.D. & Mushak, D. (1982). Morphological, Pharmocokinetic and Hematological studies of lead exposed pigeons. Environmental Research. 28: 344-363. Barrett, M.W. & Karstad, L.H. (1971). A fluorescent erythrocyte test for lead poisoning in waterfowl. Journal of Wildlife Management. 35: 109-118. Birkhead, M. (1982). Causes of mortality in the Mute swan Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology (London). 198: 15-20. Birkhead, M. (1983). Lead levels in the blood of Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology (London). 199: 59-73. Bush, B., Doran, D.R. & Jackson, K.W. (1982). Evaluation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin and zinc protoporphyrin as micro-screening procedures for lead poisoning detection. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 19: 71-76. Chamberlain, A.C. (1985). Prediction of response of blood lead to airborne and dietary lead from volunteer experiments with lead isotopes. Proceedings of Royal Society (London). (B) 224: 149-182. Chisolm. J.J., Jr. (1973). Management of increased lead absorption and lead poisoning in children. New England Journal of Medicine. 289: 1016-1024. Chisolm, J.J., Mellitis, E.D., Keil, J.E. & Barret, M.B. (1974). A simple microhaematocrit procedure as a screening technique for increased absorption in young children. Journal of Paediatrics. 84: 490-498. - 39 -
Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975). Micro-scale photofluorometric determination of 'free erythrocyte porphyrin' (Protoporphyrin IX). Clinical Chemistry 21: 1669-1682. Clausen, B. & Wolstrup, C. (1979). Lead poisoning in game from Denmark. Danish Review of Game Biology. 11: 22pp. Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (1975). Practical Haematology 5th Edition. Churchill Livingstone. London. Eccleston, E. (1977). Normal haematological values in rats, mice and marmosets. In: Comparative Clinical Haematology. Ed. R.K. Archer and L.B. Jeffcott. Blackwell. Oxford. 611-619. Franson, J.C., Haramis, G.M., Perry, M.C. & Moore, J.F. (1986). Blood protoporphyrin for detecting lead exposure in wild waterfowl. A Workshop. Ed. J.S. Feierabend and A.B. Russell. National Wildlife Federation, Washington D.C. 139pp. Furness, R.W., Muirhead, S.J., Woodburn, M. & Fitzpatrick, P. (1986). Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the environment: Relationship between mercury content and moult. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 17: 27-30. Haust, H.L., Poon, H.C., Inwood, M., O'Hea, E.K., Haines, D.S.M., Forret, C.J. & Keys, D.S. (1985). Occupational Lead Exposure: Studies in two brothers showing different~al susceptibility to lead. Clinical Biochemistry. 18: 102-108. Hodges, R.D. (1977). Avian haematology. In: Comparative Clinical Haematology. Eds. R.K.Archer and L.B.Jeffcott. Blackwell. Oxford. p483-517. Hochbaum, H.A. (1942). cloacal examination. Sex and age determination of waterfowl by North American Wildlife Conference Transactions. 7: 294-307. - 40 -
Page 2 and 3: 0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5: This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9: - what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11: Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15: MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96:
I centrifugation in microhaematocri
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RESULTS All blood samples included
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Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
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Table 3. Haematological and biochem
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Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
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Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110:
considered when using protoporphyri
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I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
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i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
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CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
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Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134:
REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140:
APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148:
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150:
in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154:
London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158:
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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