Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

More documents

Info

Johnson, M.S., Pluck, H., Hutton, M., & Moore, G. (1982) Accumulation and Renal effects of lead in urban populations of Feral Pigeons Columbia livia. Arch. Environm.Contam.Toxicol. 11, 761-767 Jordan, J.S. & Bellrose, F.C. (1951). Lead poisoning in wild waterfowl. Ill.Nat.Hist.Surv.Biol.Notes 26. 27pp. Motalbano, F. & Hines, T.C. (1984). An improved X-ray technique for investigating ingestion of lead by waterfowl. Proc.Ann.Conf .S.E.Assoc. Fish and Wildl.Agencies. 32: 364-368. Mudge, G. (1983). The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British wildfowl. Biol.Conserv. 27: 333-372. O'Halloran, J. (1981) Cork Bird Report 33pp Irish Wildbird Conservancy. O'Halloran, J. & Duggan, P.F. (1984). Lead levels in Mute swans in Cork. Irish Birds. 2: 501-514. O'Halloran,J. & Collins, R. (1985). Preliminary analysis of ringing Mute swans in Ireland. Irish Birds. 3: 85-89. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. & Duggan, P.F. (1987a). Lead poisoning in Mute swans and fishing practice in Ireland. In: Biological Indicators of Pollution, edited by D.H.Richardson, 183-191. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. & Myers, A.A. (1987b). Determination of haemoglobin in birds by a modified alkaline haematin (D-575) method. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 86B 701-704. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. & Myers, A.A. (in press). Blood lead levels and Free red blood cell protoporphyrin as a measure of lead exposure in Mute swans. Environmental Pollution Series (A) Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Yagyu, H. (1974). The pigeon, as a sensor of lead pollution. Bull.Environ.Contam. and Toxic. 12: 92-98. Olney, P.J.S. (1960). Lead poisoning in wildfowl. Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep. 11: 123-134. - 83 - I
Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Interactions of calcium and lead in human erythrocytes. Br.J.Med. 37: 70-77. Owen, M. (1987). Wetland Newsdesk. Wildfowl World. 96: 28. Owen, M. & Cadbury, C.J. (1975). Winter feeding ecology and mortality of swans at the Ouse Washes, England. Wildfowl: 26 31-42. Philips, J.C. & Lincoln, F.C. (1930). Cited in Bellrose, F.C. 1959, Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 27, 235-288. Rosen, M.N. & Bankowski, R.A. (1960). A diagnostic technique and treatment for lead poisoning in swans. Calif .Fish and Game. 46: 81-90. Simpson, V.R., Hunt, A.E. & French, M.C. (1979). Chronic lead poisoning in a herd of Mute swans. Environ.Pollut. 18: 187-202. Thomas, G.J. (1975). Ingested lead pellets in waterfowl at the Ouse Washes, England 1968-73. Wildfowl. 26: 43-48. Thomas, G.J., Perrins, C.M. & Sears, J. (1987). Lead poisoning and waterfowl. In: Angling and Wildlife in fresh waters, edited by P.S.Maitland & A.K.Turner, 5-6, (ITE Symposium No.19) Abbots Ripton: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Trainer, D.O. & Hunt, R.A. (1965). Lead poisoning of Whistling swans in Wisconsin. Avian Dis. 4: 252-263. - 84 -
Page 2 and 3:
0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5:
This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9:
- what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11:
Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17:
standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19:
I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21:
developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25:
Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27:
Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29:
RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31:
16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33:
for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37:
30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140:
APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142:
intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144:
area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146:
levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148:
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150:
in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152:
toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154:
London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158:
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
show all

Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?