Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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O'Halloran et al., (C) in press. Birds were X-rayed on a Unimax 500 X-ray machine on a 'potter buckey' as described elsewhere [O'Halloran et al., (B) in press]. All tissue lead levels are presented in ug/g wet matter. Tissue lead levels in excess of 12.50 ug/g (liver) and 31.50 (kidney) were considered diagnostic of lead poisoning (Clarke and Clarke, 1975). Blood lead levels in excess of 3.00 ug Pb/ gHb (2.20 un/L) were considered elevated (O'Halloran et al., (C) in press). Haematological values were compared with reference haemoglobin (Rb), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and haematocrit reference values for healthy Mute swans (O'Halloran et al., (A) in press). - 117 -
I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue lead levels were determined in six tissues (Tables 1-2) . Tissue lead levels in five swans acutely poisoned as a result of the ingestion of lead weights are presented in Table 1. Blood lead levels were very high (36.00 - 39.00 ug/gHb). The kidney lead levels were the highest recorded for tissues (Table 1). pancreas was also high in four birds. The level of lead in the The level of lead found in a juvenile bird was lower than that of the adults. Lead levels in dead swans are given in Table 2: group A includes swans which had ingested lead weights; in lead poisoned swans the median lead level was higher in the liver than in the kidney (Table 2); group B, those which died from collision with electric/telephone wires, and group C, swans which died from other causes. The high lead levels in group A (Table 2) are consistent with similar levels reported in acutely lead poisoned birds (Table 1). Muscle lead levels (heart, breast and gizzard) were generally within the range 6.00 - 270.00 ug/g but one specimen of heart muscle specimen was very high, (730.00 ug/g). Birds which died from collisions (group B) had high lead levels in the liver, kidney and particularly in the breast muscle (Table 2)~ Median lead levels in the tissues of group B were intermediate between levels found in the other two groups. Group C includes both urban and rural swans. In these, the lead levels were low and did not exceed the values diagnostic of lead poisoning. The level of lead in the pancreas for this group was also high, with a maximum value of 48.00 ug/g (Table 2). Feather lead levels were variable and no clear pattern emerged. The median lead level in the feathers of birds with a history of - 118 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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