Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Blood lead concentration was determined on a Pye Unicam SP192 atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a flameless atomiser attachment and at a wavelength of 217nm. 10% nitric acid (Aristar grade) was used for digestion. Control specimens (United Kingdom Quality Assurance scheme for trace elements with known consensus means) were run routinely. Haemoglobin concentration was estimated for all blood samples based on a method converting all haem species to alkaline haematin using a non-ionic detergent and the end-product was read spectrophotometrically at 575nm (for detailed account see O'Halloran et al., 1987b). Post mortem examination Corpses were examined at the Department of Zoology, Cork, or specimens from Northern Ireland, at the Veterinary Research Laboratories at the Department of Agriculture, Northern Ireland by personnel from the pathology laboratory. Where possible the following parameters were recorded: month of death, locality of corpse, age, sex, weight, presence and number of lead shot in the gizzard, lead levels (in ug/g W.M.= wet matter) in liver and kidney. Lead was determined 0 following extraction in 10% nitric acid (Aristar Grade) at 115 C for 12 hours and estimated on a Pye Unicam SP19? graphite furnace. The upper alimentary canal (from beak to gizzard) was examined for fishing tackle and/or lead shot. Ingested angling lead was distinguished from ingested gun-shot lead by the grey colour and flattened appearance as opposed to the black and round appearance of shot-gun pellets. The contents of the proventriculus were washed into a white dish and rinsed so that any lead weights or fragments could be identified. Following examination the contents were further dried at l00°C and examined for - 63 - I r
lead. X-ray. They were subsequently stored for later re-examination using Birds were weighed on a 20Kg Salter Spring balance, but if the plumage was wet or any part of the body was missing, no weight was taken. Age was determined by plumage characteristics and beak colour. X-ray of live birds Forty one live swans were X-rayed on a C.G.R. Unimax 500 X-ray machine. Two X-rays (17cm X 14cm) were taken of each bird on a 'potter buckey' set at 300 mA, 60Kv for 0.60 sec. X-rays were stored and subsequently examined for lead signatures, identified as white spots on the X-ray film. Environmental lead In order to estimate the quantity of lead (other than pellets) in the environment, grass and water samples were taken at Cork Lough from January 1985 to Januuary 1986. Grass samples were dried to a constant 0 weight at 70 C for 24 hours and then digested using 10% nitric acid as for tissues. Lead levels were determined using a Pye Unicam graphite furnace as mentioned above. At Cork Lough, eleven randomly selected stations on the bed were sampled for discarded lead weights. 2 (0.02m A total of 200 grab samples each) were taken and returned to the laboratory, sieved through 2.8mm and l.4mm sieves (to aid easy examination) and then examined for lead shot. At Lough Neagh, grab and core samples (depth =40cm) of the bed were taken close to where dead birds had been recovered to establish the distribution and density of lead shot. 2 Kilcolman Wildfowl Refuge, eight replicate quadrats (0.25 m ) were At taken and examined for lead shot. The number of anglers using lead weights and the time of peak angling was also noted at Cork Lough. - 64 - i y
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
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Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
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REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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