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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

LEAD TOXICITY IN MUTE SWANS Cygnus olor (Gmelin). By JOHN O'HALLORAN A thesis submitted to the National University of Ireland in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 1987

LEAD TOXICITY IN MUTE SWANS
Cygnus olor (Gmelin).
By
JOHN O'HALLORAN
A thesis submitted to the National University of Ireland
in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
September 1987

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standards are now available, it is possible to standardize<br />

analyses, us<strong>in</strong>g primary standard material<br />

which cancels out an important disadvantage of the<br />

cyanhaemiglob<strong>in</strong> method. ADH-575 therefore provides<br />

an efficient tool to carry out detailed <strong>in</strong>vestigation<br />

of the comparative haematology and haemopoietic<br />

sensitivity of all animals to environmental<br />

toxicants.<br />

Acknowledgements-We are grateful to Mr S. McKeown of<br />

Fota Wildlife Park for assistance with sampl<strong>in</strong>g, Mr D.<br />

O'Leary for allow<strong>in</strong>g access to his poultry farm, and Ors<br />

T. F. Cross, T. C. Kelly and Y. Okasha for helpful<br />

discussion.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Archer R. K. (1977) Technical methods. In Comparative<br />

Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Haematology (Edited by Archer R. K. and<br />

Jeffcott L. B.). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.<br />

Bankowski R. A. (1942) Studies of the haemoglob<strong>in</strong> content<br />

of chicken blood and evaluation of methods for its<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ation. Am. J. Vet. Res. (October) 373-381.<br />

Bell D. J., Bird T. P. and Mc<strong>in</strong>doe W. M. (1965) Changes<br />

<strong>in</strong> erythrocyte levels and the mean corpuscular haemoglob<strong>in</strong><br />

concentration <strong>in</strong> hens dur<strong>in</strong>g the lay<strong>in</strong>g cycle.<br />

Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 14, 83-IOO.<br />

Clarkson T. W. and Kench J. W. (1958) Uptake of lead by<br />

human erythrocytes <strong>in</strong> vitro. Biochem. J. 69, 432-439.<br />

Hunter F. R., Str<strong>in</strong>ger L. D. and Weiss H . D. (1940) Partial<br />

retention of haemoglob<strong>in</strong> by chicken erythrocytes. J. Cell.<br />

comp. Physiol. 16, 123-129.<br />

International Committee for Standardisation <strong>in</strong> Haematology<br />

of the European Society of Haematology (1965)<br />

Recommendations and requirements for haemoglob<strong>in</strong>ometry<br />

<strong>in</strong> human blood. J. Cl<strong>in</strong>. Pathol. 18,<br />

353-355.<br />

International Committee for the Standardisation <strong>in</strong> Haematology<br />

(1967) Recommendations for haemoglob<strong>in</strong>ometry<br />

<strong>in</strong> human blood. Br. J. Haematol. 13<br />

(Suppl.), 71-75.<br />

O'Halloran J. and Duggan P. F. (1984) <strong>Lead</strong> levels <strong>in</strong> <strong>Mute</strong><br />

<strong>Swans</strong> <strong>in</strong> Cork. Irish Birds 2, 501-514.<br />

Ong C. N. and Lee W. R. (1980) Interactions of calcium and<br />

lead <strong>in</strong> human erythrocytes. Br. J. Med. 37, 70-77.<br />

Ponder E. (1942) Errors affect<strong>in</strong>g the acid and alkal<strong>in</strong>e<br />

haemat<strong>in</strong> methods of determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g hemoglob<strong>in</strong>. J. Biol.<br />

Chem. 144, 339-342.<br />

FJchterich R. (1971) Hamoglob<strong>in</strong> als Hamoglob<strong>in</strong>cyanid. In<br />

Kl<strong>in</strong>ische Chemie, Theorie und Praxis, 3rd edn, pp.<br />

380-382. Karger, Basel.<br />

Rick W. (1976) Hamoglob<strong>in</strong>bestimmung <strong>in</strong> Vollblut. In<br />

Kl<strong>in</strong>ische Chemie and Mikroskopie, 4th edn, pp. 47-49.<br />

Spr<strong>in</strong>ger-Verlag, Berl<strong>in</strong>.<br />

Saundennann F. W. (1956) Status of cl<strong>in</strong>ical hemoglob<strong>in</strong>ometry<br />

<strong>in</strong> the United States. Am. J. cl<strong>in</strong>. Pathol. 43,<br />

9-15.<br />

Spaander J. (1964) Die Hamoglob<strong>in</strong>bestimmung, Strahlensch<br />

Fursh Prax 4, 122-127.<br />

Van Assendelft 0. W. (1972) The measurement of haemoglob<strong>in</strong>.<br />

In Modern Concepts <strong>in</strong> Haematology (Edited<br />

by Izak G. and Lewis S. M.), Symposia of the International<br />

Committee for Standardisation <strong>in</strong> Haematology,<br />

pp. 14-25. Academic Press, New York.<br />

Zander R., Lang W. and Wolf U. H. (1984) Alkal<strong>in</strong>e<br />

haemat<strong>in</strong> 575-ADH, a new tool for the determ<strong>in</strong>ation of<br />

haemoglob<strong>in</strong> as an alternative to the cyanhaemiglob<strong>in</strong><br />

method 1: description of the method. Cl<strong>in</strong>. chem. Acta<br />

136, 83-93.<br />

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