Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

More documents

Info

· Classification of lead poisoned swans The following criteria were used to classify live lead poisoned birds: birds with a blood lead level in excess of 3.00ug Pb/gHb were considered to have exceeded the maximum tolerable limit of lead [equivalent to 2.00 umoles/L or 40ug/ lOOml following Simpson et al., (1979) and Birkhead (1982)]. This criteria is used since 80% of lead in whole blood is bound to haemoglobin (Ong and Lee, 1980) and it was found (O'Halloran et al., in press) to be a more precise criterion for classifying birds with elevated lead. In dead birds, values of lead greater than 31.25ug/g (W.M.) in kidney and 12.SOug/g (W.M.) in the liver were considered diagnostic of lead poisoning following Clarke and Clarke (1975). Distributions were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Chi squared tests were used to measure observed versus expected ratios of sex and age in dead lead poisoned birds versus birds dying from other causes. All analyses were carried out using a Minitab (Pennsylvania University) statistical package. -65 -
RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead levels varied depending on the degree of exposure to lead, and were significantly lower (P < 0.001) at 'country' sites (Malahide, Killarney and Shannon), reflecting the expected lower levels of lead (Table.l). At these sites, only 4.5% of samples showed elevated lead levels (i.e. > 3.00ugPb/ gHb) with 82% of samples less than 2.00ugPb/ gHb (Fig.2). A significant increase in blood lead level was found in birds sampled in urban areas (Galway and Belfast) where 17% of birds had elevated lead. There was a noticeable increase in the class 2.00 - 3.00ugPb/ gHb from 13.50% at the country sites to 27.50% at the urban sites (Fig.2). It is presumed that at least one of these birds had ingested lead weights since, when it was found dead a few months later with ingested anglers' weights in it's gizzard, it had a whole blood lead value of 62.00ugPb/ gHb. At Cork Lough, values of blood lead differed significantly from samples from other sites (P < 0.001), the proportion of samples with high lead levels being much greater (see Fig.2). Forty two percent of birds sampled, were suffering from acute lead poisoning (i.e. >3.00ug Pb/ gHb). This sample constituted over 90% of the birds at the Cork Lough. The range of the values was wide (0.46 - 106.30ugPb/ gHb). Post-mortem results A total of 101 dead or moribund Mute swans, mostly from Co.Cork and Lough Neagh, and four Whooper swans from Kilcolman Wildfowl Refuge, Co.Cork, were examined (Table II). Four categories of birds could be identified at post-mortem: - 66 - i
Page 2 and 3:
0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5:
This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9:
- what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11:
Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17:
standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19:
I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122:
I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124:
I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126:
Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128:
Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130:
DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132:
which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134:
REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136:
O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138:
many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140:
APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142:
intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144:
area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146:
levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148:
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150:
in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152:
toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154:
London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158:
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
show all

Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?