Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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I the haematocrit values (Table 1). Adults had smaller reference ranges than immatures (Table 1). Reference limits for the other blood parameters based on a sample of about 100 Mute swans are shown in Table 2. While the range for most parameters is small, the range for urates is large (Table 2). Two reference ranges are given for protoporphyrin IX, uncorrected values and values related to haemoglobin content. Blood chemistry values for caged swans are shown in Table 3. There was little change in the levels of blood parameters studied throughout the period (16.30 - 07.00hrs), except in the case of three compounds. The concentration of urate was variable between individuals but all values dropped from the initial time of caging. In contrast, the levels of cholesterol increased from the time of caging until after release, with one bird twice exceeding the upper reference limit (Table 3). In almost all cases, sodium exceeded the upper reference range throughout the period of night sampling. Protoporphyrin IX and haemoglobin showed values outside the reference distribution in some apparently healthy birds, though the values were within the maximum/minimum limit (Table 2). Some cygnets (immatures less than four months old) had high levels of circulating Protoporphyrin IX (Table 4). Haemoglobin, paematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin values for eight Mute swans with apparent anaemia are given in Table 5. All values were outside the reference distribution, though they approached and equalled the minimum values recorded (Table 1). Mean cell haemoglobin concentration values were low in all the females (Table 5), indicating hypochromic anaemia. Haematocrit values in moulting birds, however, were variable (Table 5). These birds were at an advanced stage of plumage replacement, following primary moult. - 93 -
Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and minimum values and refernce limits of haemoglobin concentration (Rb), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCRC) and haematocrit (HAEM) for normal Mute swans (Cygnus olor) of different ages and sex. Class n X ± s.e. Min - Max Reference range Total Rb 530 14.20 ± 0.10 9.25 - 19.55 10.50 - 17.80 MCRC 429 35.70 ± 0.18 23.30 - 55.00 29.70 - 43.00 HAEM 560 41. 30 ± 0.20 27.50 - 61.00 30.50 - 57.30 All Males Rb 270 14.20 ± 0.10 10. 40 - 19.55 11. 20 - 16.90 MCRC 241 35.90 ± 0.20 25.55 - 47.60 29.60 - 40.75 HAEM 319 41. 00 ± 0.30 27.50 - 61. 00 31. 00 - 54.00 Adult males Rb 161 14.30 ± 0.14 10.40 - 19.55 11. 20 - 17.80 MCRC 150 36.00 ± 0.30 25.55 - 47.60 29.80 - 41. 40 HAEM 195 41. 00 ± 0.40 27.50 - 55.00 30.00 - 53.00 Imm. males Rb 100 14.10 ± 0.14 10.60 - 16.30 10.90 - 16.20 MCRC 91 35.66 ± 0.35 26.60 - 47.25 30.80 - 40.70 HAEM 120 41. 60 ± 0.60 32.00 - 61.00 31. 20 - 57.30 All Females Rb 196 13.65 ± 0.10 9.25 - 18.50 10.20 - 16.90 MCRC 188 35.46 ± 0.30 23.30 - 55.00 29.30 - 41. 35 HAEM 228 40.20 ± 0.40 28.00 - 61. 00 31. 00 - 54.00 Adult females Rb 120 13.60 ± 0.15 9.25 - 18.50 10.40 - 17.00 MCRC 115 35.20 ± 0.40 23.30 - 55.00 29.50 - 42.80 HAEM 138 40.00 ± 0.50 28.00 - 54.50 29.60 - 53.00 Imm females Rb 76 13. 70 ± 0.20 9.80 - 16.00 10.00 - 16.50 MCRC 73 35.90 ± 0.45 25.00 - 47.00 32.10 - 41. 35 HAEM 95 40.00 ± 0.60 ·29. 00 - 60.00 30.00 - 55.00 - 94 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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