Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Hutton, M. (1980). Metal contamination of feral pigeons Columba livia from the London area: Part 2. Biological ·effects of lead exposure. Environmental Pollution. 22: (A) 281-293. Janssen, D.L., Oosterhuis, J.E., Allen, J.L., Anderson, M.P., Kelts, D.G. & Wiemeyer, S.N. (1986). Lead poisoning in free ranging California condors. Journal of American Veterinary and Medical Association. 189: 1115-1117. Lamola, A.A., Joselow, M. & Yamane, T. (1975). Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP): A simple, sensitive fluorometric screening test for lead poisoning. Clinical Chemistry. 21: 93-97. Landsdowne, R. & Yule, W. (1986). The Lead Debate: The Environment, Toxicology and Child Health. Croom Helm. London. Lumeij, J.T. (1985). Clinicopathologic aspects of lead poisoning in birds: A review. The Veterinary Quarterly. 7: 133-136. Morton, A.P., Partridge, S. & Blair, J.A. (1985). The intestinal uptake of lead. Chemistry in Britain. October 923-927. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. & Duggan, P.F. (1987 a). Lead poisoning in Mute swans and fishing practice in Ireland. In: Biological Indicators of Pollution. Ed. D.H.Richardson, 183-191. Royal Irish Academy. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. & Myers, A.A ..(1987 b). Determination of haemoglobin in birds by a modified alkaline haematin (D-575) method. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 86 (B): 701-704. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. & Duggan, P.F. (a, in press). Lead poisoning in swans and sources of contamination in Ireland. Journal of Zoology. (London). O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. & Myers, A.A. (b, in press). Some biochemical reference values and changes in blood chemistry in Mute swans Cygnus olor with acute lead poisoning. Avian Pathology. i r - 41 -
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Page 2 and 3: 0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5: This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9: - what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11: Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15: MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98:
RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100:
Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104:
Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106:
Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108:
DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110:
considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112:
I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116:
i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120:
INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122:
I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124:
I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126:
Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128:
Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130:
DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132:
which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134:
REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136:
O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138:
many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140:
APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142:
intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144:
area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146:
levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148:
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150:
in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152:
toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154:
London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158:
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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