Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I thank my parents and family who always encouraged my interests in birds, and supported my education I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Alan Myers for his help and guidance, as · my supervisor, throughout the entire period of my research. I am grateful to Professor Barry Duggan, Biochemistry Laboratory, Cork Regional Hospital for his friendly advice and for provision of facilities at his laboratory. I would like to thank Professor Maire F. Mulcahy, Head of Department of Zoology, University College Cork for providing research facilities and guidance throughout the study and Mr. Joe Philpott for technical facilities. I would like to say thank you to the following people; Dr. D.E.A. Murray, Dr. P.S. Giller, Dr. T.F. Cross, Dr. T.C. Kelly and Dr. C.H. Hawkey for helpful discussion. Mr. R. McNamara, Ms. S.O'Driscoll, Ms. N. Buttimer and Ms. E.O'Reardan for laboratory and field assistance. Ms. I.O'Sullivan for patience and secretarial advice; Mr. B. Crowley, Mr. N.O'Leary, Mr. N.O'Sullivan, Mr. T. Hurley, Ms. M.O'Connell, Ms. M. Morrison for helpful discussion and advice for biochemical laboratory work; Ms. J. Morrison and Ms. M.Honohan and Dr. P Barret for radiological facilities; Mr. P. Smiddy, Mr. D. McMahon and the staff of the forestry and wildlife servive; Mr. T. O'Connor CSPCA for his help with swan corpse collection; Mr. D. Fitzgerald for bags of bread. I acknowledge Ms. M. Cole, Dr. D. Barry and Mr. M O'Halloran for statistical and computing advice. Mr. R. Collins, Mr. I. Forsyth, Mr. T. Carrauthers, Mr. P. Brennan, Mr. B. O'Mahony, Mr. F. Buckley and / - 131 -
many others for helping to catch swans and for reporting sightings of ringed swans. To my sisters, particularly Anne and Eleanore for their help and to my brother Jer for a bucket of letraset. To Paul, Anne, Tricia, Donal and Edith for their help. I acknowledge maintaince awards received from Cork Corporation and Department of Education. I thank my colleagues, Jervis, Chutima, Anne, Neil, Susan, Catherine and fellow post-graduate students for their friendly co-operation and company over the past few years. I thank Mr. D. Murray for photocopying facilities and finally to Deirdre Murray for encouragement and help throughout. - 132 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
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irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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