Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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contents, performed as part of the post-mortem routine, did not reveal any additional pellets to those found during manual examination. Environmental lead Grass lead levels varied from month to month with the lowest values in summer (Table V). Water lead levels in some instances were so low as to be almost undetectable by the instrument. Median blood lead levels (2.00 ugPb/ gHb, n=23) of Canada Geese, which spend a considerable period of time grazing on the grass around Cork Lough, varied from 0.94 ugPb/ gHb to 2.50 ugPb/ gHb throughout the year but no values exceeded 3.00 ugPb/gHb. In addition, blood lead levels did not show any seasonal pattern or any relationship to grass lead levels (Table V). Discarded lead weights were only found at one sampling station at 2 the Cork Lough where five lead pellets were found (/0.02m ). At Lough Neagh Co.Antrim, spent gunshot pellets were found along lOOm of shore in front of a clay pigeon shooting site and on the lake bed up to 60m from the shore. The pellet density in the top Scm was 2,400 2 pellets/m . Lead pellets were also found in the mud at Kilcolman 2 Wildfowl Refuge, 14 shotgun pellets were recovered from 2 m . Numbers of coarse-fish anglers at Cork Lough using lead weights varied with peak angling in summer (July/August) with a maximum of 12 rods per day. - 73 - I r
Table V. Median water lead levels (umoles/L), grass lead levels (ug/g dry weight) from Cork Lough, January 1985 to January 1986. - GRASS 90.00 20.70 8.50 12.00 58.00 105. 84 (64.00 - 294.0Q) (13.60 - 39.00) (6.80 -107.00) (11.86 -18.76) (44.00 - 208.00) (10.10 -.182.00) n = 6 n =6 n =6 n =6 n =6 n = 6 Range of values in parentheses. -·. JANUARY APRIL JUNE AUGUST OCTOBER JANUARY -.....J ·.p-. WATER 0.10 0.01 0. 10 0.70 0.45 a.so
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
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REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
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Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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