Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

SUMMARY
Reference levels of some biochemical and haematological parameters
were determined for Mute swans (Cygnus olor Gmelin).
Two physiological
states, moulting and immaturity, were identified as factors which
broadened the reference levels.
Blood parameters of six acutely
lead-poisoned swans were determined and compared with the reference
distribution. Protoporphyrin IX, cholesterol and two serum enzymes,
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were
found to increase in lead poisoned birds.
Concentrations of
haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit
indicated severe hypochromic anaemia in birds with acute lead
poisoning.
The diagnostic value and interpretation of reference values
is discussed.
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