Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Lead concentration 30 20 (B) n 357 U') ~ 10 H i:q µ.. 0 z 0 rl H p::: 0 p.., 0 p::; p.., 0-.99 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Protoporphyrin concentration 30 (C) n 296 20 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Protoporphyrin concentration Fig. 4. Distribution of (A) blood lead levels (ug Pb/ gHb) . for a sample of swans (n = 357), (B) free red blood cell protoporphyrin (ug PPIX/ gHb) for the same sample and (C) the · d~stribution of protop~rphyrin with false positives eliminated, see text for details. 31
DISCUSSION Blood lead levels as a measure of exposure to lead have been used by many workers. Ohi et al., (1974) and Hutton (1980) for example identified birds exposed to lead in urban and rural sites. In addition to anthropogenically produced lead from organo-lead emissions, lead pellets from shooting and angling weights also pose a hazard to wildfowl. Experiments based on the dosing of captive birds with lead have been carried out with a view to understanding the high and variable blood lead levels in birds (Anders et al., 1982). results have then been extrapolated to the field situation. These In the present study, some of the variation in blood lead in caged birds was due to changes in haemoglobin concentration during the diel cycle (Fig. 2). Since the variation of haematocrit was considerable and in view of the large reference range for haematocrit reported by O'Halloran et al., (b) (in press), all blood lead values were corrected for haemoglobin. This reduced the variation (Fig. 2) and the reduction was not exclusive to caged birds, but was also evident in two birds sampled in the field at six hour intervals. The correction of lead levels for haemoglobin becomes more important in chronically exposed animals (Peter et al., 1978) and this ~ ~ can clearly be seen from specimen C (Table 1). When the blood level is expressed per litre of blood, on day 147 the concentration appears less than that of day 84, however in the corrected value the reverse is true. This is due to anaemia as a result of lead poisoning, since the proportion of red blood cells (which contains most of the lead) was low and as a consequence the amount of lead in the sample was low (Table 1, specimem C). - 32 -
Page 2 and 3: 0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5: This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9: - what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11: Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15: MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62: I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88:
i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
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Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92:
SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
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I adults, immatures, females and ma
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I centrifugation in microhaematocri
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RESULTS All blood samples included
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Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
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Table 3. Haematological and biochem
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Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
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Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
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considered when using protoporphyri
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I the blood constituents, reflectin
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REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
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i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
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CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
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Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
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REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148:
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
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London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
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Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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