Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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J. O'Halloran and R. Collins Of the . 61 birds recovered . . or controlled . , at least ' JS a re k nown to have at ta med. c.~d u It hood. Ftl tee.n birds reached at least the age ofrive. The longes.t lilespan recorded 1s that of a bird ringed at Dundrum, Co. Down tn August 197? an.d recovered at the same location in April 1984. T~e natal year of this bird was 1971 or earlier, its lifespan, theref?re, betn~ 12 y~ars 9 months at least. This is the longest documented l1f es~an . ol an I nsh Mute Swan. The longest lifespan on record for the species ts 19 years 5 months (Cramp and Simmons 1977) . . TJ'.e mo
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s This p:~per is based on the work of ringers in Ireland, particularly P. Brennan. I'. Cummms, D. 13. McMahon, 0 . .J. Merne. T. F. O'Mahony. P . .I. Smiddy and .I. A. Whatmough. Out thanks arc due to the BTO who supplied the rernverv data and tll Dr. T. f. Cross anJ Dr. T. C. Kelly for reading earlier drafts of this paper. References Collins, R. 19X5;1. Movement nf a Mute Sw;1n from Ireland tll Brit;1in. /ri1h Uirds .\: 98-99. Collins. R. 19X5h. Mute Swan populatinn ~tudY. 1\bqract. First Natin11al Ornithlllll!.!- ical Research Conference prescntatinn. /ri.1h. Rirtl.\ .\: 1-1-1. - Cramp. S .. Simmons. K. E. L. 1977. Th
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
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irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
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I the pellets as they moved in shor
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i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
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Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
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SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
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I adults, immatures, females and ma
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I centrifugation in microhaematocri
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RESULTS All blood samples included
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Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
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Table 3. Haematological and biochem
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Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
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Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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