Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

More documents

Info

!. O' Halloran and R. Collins Plate 7. Mute Sw~ns (f·:('ll Prc.\"/011) A Swan ringed in Coventry, Warwickshire. was recovercu in Rossca rbcry. Co. Cork (Spencer and Hudson 1978). The distance bctwct:n the ringing and recovery locations was 527km. Five birds colour-ringed in the Scottish Western Isles have been sighted in counties Donegal. Antrim and Derry (Spray 1981, Forsyth 1983). at distances or 284. 282 and 244km respectively from their ringing locations. Movements of Ringed Birds The distances of the recovery locations from their respective ringing locations varied from zero to l 55km. These distances are grouped in 16km zones in Table I. Thirty percent of the birds moved more than 32km. Table I. Distances moved by Irish Mute Swans: number of birds recovered or controlled in each 16km zone. Distance Number of Sll'ans 0-16 22 (J6o/r) 17-32 21 (34%) JJ-48 5 (8%) 49-64 65-112 6 (10%) (5%) 113+ km 4 (7%) - 151 -
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~h-rin _ged ~irds r.eco~ered or controlled, 19 were ringed as JUVemles . hve of the .1uve111lc birds were recovered or controlled more than 50km from their ringing locations. The six British birds recorded here were all ringed as juveniles. (A "juvenile" is a bird known to be less than two years old. A swan's age is reckoned from ) July since most are hatched by then). No swan could be confidently identified as an adult (at least three years old) when ringed. However, nine bin.ls were known to be at least two years old at ringing. Of these, six were recovered or controlled within 20km of their ringing locations and the greatest recoverv distance was 31 km. tvlinton ( 1971) found that most large movement;, among a population studied by him in Britain, took place during the first two years of a swan's life. The recovery of a swan in Portarlington in April 1963, 155km away from Lurgan where it had been ringed in January 1961, represents the largest distance known to have been travelled by an Irish-ringed Mute Swan within Ireland. Life Expectancy Forty ringed birds were found dead. Twelve of these (all juveniles) \Vere of known age when ringed and hence their approximate lifespans arc known . These are given in Table 2. Five had reached adulthood. The oldest died at an age of approximately 4 years 9 months. Tahll' 2. Sun·i\'al ol' Irish ~· .. 1utt: Swans ol' known agt:. Age ar dearh 0 to I I to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 lo 5 yt:ars Numh
Page 2 and 3:
0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5:
This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7:
ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9:
- what are the best methods for the
Page 10 and 11:
Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17:
standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19:
I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21:
developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25:
Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27:
Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29:
RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31:
16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33:
for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37:
30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39:
Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41:
median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44:
elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46:
Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48:
Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52:
mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54:
commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56:
TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58:
I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62:
I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64:
42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68:
30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70:
lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72:
RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74:
I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76:
I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78:
Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80:
Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82:
of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84:
irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86:
I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88:
i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90:
Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92:
SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94:
I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96:
I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98:
RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100:
Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104:
Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
show all

Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?