Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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I Simpson, V.R., Hunt, A.E. and French, M.C. (1979). Chronic lead poisoning in a herd of Mute swans. Environmental Pollution. 18:187-202. Smith, N. and Engelbert, V.E. (1969). Erythropoiesis in chicken peripheral blood. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 47: 1269-1273. Solberg, H.E. (1983). The theory of reference values. Part.5. Statistical treatment of collected reference values, determination of reference limits. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. 21: 749-760. Solberg, H.E. (1987). reference values. Approved recommendations (1986) on the theory of Part 1. The concepts of reference values. Clinica Chimica Acta. 165: 111-118. Sturkie, P.D, (1965). Avian Physiology. 2nd Edition. Bailliere, Tindall and Cassell. London. Voitkevich, A.A. (1966). The feathers and plumage of birds. Sidgwick and Jackson. London. - 111 -
CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MUTE SWANS Cygnus olor WITH ELEVATED BLOOD LEAD. This chapter is presented in the form of a manuscript recently submitted for publication in Avian Pathology. - 112 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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