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136 M.L. Lanteri et al. Pagnussat GC, Lanteri ML, Lombardo MC, Lamattina L (2004) Nitric oxide mediates the indole acetic acid induction activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in adventitious root development. Plant Physiol 135:279–286 Reed RC, Brady SR, Muday GK (1998) Inhibition of auxin movement from the shoot into the root inhibits lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 118:1369–1378 Reggiani R (1997) Alteration of levels of cyclic nucleotides in response to anaerobiosis in rice seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 38:740–742 Rockel P, Strube F, Rockel A, Wildt J, Kaiser W (2002) Regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production by plant nitrate reductase in vivo and in vitro. J Exp Bot 53:103–110 Sanders D, Brownlee C, Harper JF (1999) Communicating with calcium. Plant Cell 11:691–706 Stohr C, Ullrich WR (2002) Generation and possible roles of NO in plant roots and their apoplastic space. J Exp Bot 53:2293–2303 Szmidt-Jaworska A, Jaworski K, Tretyn A, Kopcewicz J (2003) Biochemical evidence for a cGMP-regulated protein kinase in Pharbitis nil. Phytochemistry 63:635–642 Tena G, Asai T, Chiu WL, Sheen J (2001) Plant mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4:392–400 Wilkins MB, Scott TK (1968) Auxin transport in roots. Nature 219:1388–1389 Zhang H, Forde BG (2000) Regulation of Arabidopsis root development by nitrate availability. J Exp Bot 51:51–59
10 Neurotransmitters, Neuroregulators and Neurotoxins in Plants Susan J. Murch Abstract The transmission of signals between living cells is essential for the life of an organism as it provides the mechanism by which cells respond to external stimuli. Plants produce a wide range of phytochemicals that mediate cell function and translate environmental cues for survival and many of these are human neuroregulatory molecules. For example, the human neurotransmitter melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved molecule associated with timing of circadian rhythms in many organisms, including higher plants. Other compounds such as hyperforin, now isolated from several plant species, may function as serotonin transport or nonspecific cation channel activators in human brains and potentially in higher plants. A different group of neuroregulatory molecules produced by plants overstimulate human neurons, resulting in neuronal cell damage and death. Excitotoxins such as β-methylamino-L-alanine not only affect human health but are also regulatory molecules redirecting plant growth. Many fascinating questionsinfutureresearchwillbedefiningtheroleofneurotransmitters,neuroregulatorsand neurotoxins in the growth and development of plants. As newer technologies emerge, it will become possible to understand more about the role of neurological compounds in the inner workings of plant metabolism, plant environment interactions and the impact of plant neurosystems on human neurology. 10.1 Neurotransmitters: Signaling Molecule in Plants? Neurotransmitters found in plants to date include acetylcholine, epinephrine, dopamine, levodopa, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamate, indole-3aceticacid,5-hydroxyindoleaceticacid,melatoninandserotonin(Fig.10.1). Thehuman“fightorflight”neurohormones,catecholamines,promote flowering in short day plants (Khurana et al. 1987) and accumulate when plants are stressed (Swiedrych et al. 2004). Other human neurohormones, such as GABA, function as mechanisms to conserve nutrients under stress conditions in plants or as antiherbivory compounds (Shelp et al. 2003). Another class of human neurohormones, indoleamines, can also influence plant growth and development (Murch and Saxena 2002a). Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was first isolated from the bovine pineal gland in 1958 (Lerner et al. 1958). In the human brain, the highest levels of melatonin are found during deep sleep and melatonin levels decline with sunrise. The amplitude of the fluctuation of melatonin concentration declines with age, a phenomenon associated with sleep rhythm disorders, Communication in Plants F. Baluška, S. Mancuso, D. Volkmann (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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188 M. Gilliham et al. Fig.13.1. Ar
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190 M. Gilliham et al. as compatibl
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192 M. Gilliham et al. apex (Zhang
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194 M. Gilliham et al. 13.3.3 Are A
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196 M. Gilliham et al. sufficiently
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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202 M. Gilliham et al. Kang J, Meht
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204 M. Gilliham et al. Zheng Y, Mel
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206 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman F
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208 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman N
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210 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman v
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212 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman l
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214 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman N
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216 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman 1
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218 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman G
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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16 Nonselective cation channels 237
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Fig.16.1. Possible roles of nonsele
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17 Touch-Responsive Behaviors and G
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18 Oscillations in Plants Sergey Sh
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18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Tempo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 265 Dries
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18 Oscillations in Plants 267 backg
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18 Oscillations in Plants 269 The f
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18 Oscillations in Plants 271 prehe
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18 Oscillations in Plants 273 Cardo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 275 Shaba
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278 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol W
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280 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol T
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282 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol E
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284 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol 1
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286 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol n
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288 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol D
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290 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol S
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292 R. Stahlberg, R.E. Cleland, E.
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310 E.Davies,B.Stankovic It is assu
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312 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 21.2 Evide
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314 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Fig.21.3.
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316 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Relative m
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318 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 1992; Beel
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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW,
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322 J. Fromm, S. Lautner in the ran
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324 J. Fromm, S. Lautner cells (Sam
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326 J. Fromm, S. Lautner 22.5 Ion C
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328 J. Fromm, S. Lautner hastobedon
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330 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Beilby MJ,
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332 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Williams S
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334 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai like the
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336 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 2,000 nM
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338 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai the fourt
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340 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai “slow-w
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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344 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai that tree
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346 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Fort C, F
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348 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Pophof B,
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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370 E. Wagner et al. Table 25.1. Fl
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372 E. Wagner et al. Exudation [µl
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374 E. Wagner et al. metabolism at
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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378 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.5. Time
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380 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.7. Patt
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382 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.9. Time
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384 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.11. a K
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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388 E. Wagner et al. Lecharny A, Wa
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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