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62 T. Sachs the development of varied biological patterns. The mature stomata of Sansevieria are more orderly or predictably spaced than the early, reversible stages of stomata initiation (Kagan and Sachs 1991). “Neural Darwinism” is a mechanism by which appropriate nerve connections are selected from excess alternatives (Edelman 1987). Within cells, microtubules are maintained according to functional roles that are established after they have been formed (Kirschner and Mitchison 1986). It may be useful to consider the adaptive significance of the generation of tree form by developmental selection rather than strict programs. Competition between branches requires the wasteful development of structures that are not maintained. There is no doubt that dead branches below trees represent considerable organic material. Yet these branches did carry out photosynthesisforaslongastheywereproductiveandresourcessuchas bound nitrogen can be withdrawn from dying plant organs (Habib et al. 1993). Losses of substrates could be balanced by the advantages of gradual selection, in which information about the value of an existing branch feeds back to its survival and further development. This testing of varied possibilities could provide for a robust outcome. A major advantage of developmental section may be in its relation to plasticity. It is possible that in a predictable, ideal world strict programs could result in superior biological forms. The real world, however, is far from predictable. In the case of trees, the presence of competing neighbors, damage due to herbivores and parasites and possible local failures in the development of the plant itself require a pronounced developmental plasticity. Developmental selection uses the very same processes and genetic information to generate form and to insure plastic responses to unpredictable conditions (Sachs 2002). This parsimony might have adaptive significance both because simpler developmental systems are required and because the various component are all optimally integrated. <strong>References</strong> Barlow PW (1989) Meristems, metamers and modules and the development of shoot and root systems. Bot J Linn Soc 100:255–279 Berleth T, Sachs T (2001) Plant morphogenesis: long-distance coordination and local patterning. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4:57–62 Cline MG (1994) The role of hormones in apical dominance. New approaches to an old problem in plant development. Physiol Plant 90:230–237 Edelman GM (1987) Neural Darwinism – the theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books, New York Frank SA (1996) The design of natural and artificial adaptive systems. In: Rose MR, Lauder GV (eds) Adaptation. Academic, San Diego, pp 451–505 Frank SA (1997) Developmental selection and self-organization. BioSystems 40:237–243
4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Promising Organs? 63 Habib R, Millard P, Proe MF (1993) Modelling the seasonal partitioning in young Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) trees in relation to nitrogen supply. Ann Bot 71:453–459 Halle F., Oldeman, RAA, Tomlinson PB (1978) Tropical trees and forests. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Henriksson J (2001) Differential shading of branches or whole trees: survival, growth, and reproduction. Oecologia 126:482–486 Kagan M, Sachs T (1991) Development of immature stomata: epigenetic selection of a spacing pattern. Dev Biol 146:100–105 Kirschner M, Mitchison T (1986) Beyond self-assembly: from microtubules to morphogenesis. Cell 45:329–342 Ljung K, Bhalerao RP, Sandberg G (2001) Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Plant J 28:465–475 Novoplansky A (1996) Hierarchy establishment among potentially similar buds. Plant Cell Environ 19:781–786 Novoplansky A (2003) Ecological implications of the determination of branch hierarchies. New Phytol 160:111–118 Novoplansky A, Cohen D, Sachs T (1989) Ecological implications of correlative inhibition between plant shoots. Physiol Plant 77:136–140 Novoplansky A, Cohen D, Sachs T (1994) Responses of an annual plant to temporal changes in the light environment: an interplay between plasticity and determination. Oikos 69:437–446 Palme K, Gälweiler L (1999) PIN-pointing the molecular basis of auxin transport. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:375–381 Sachs T (1966) Senescence of inhibited shoots of peas and apical dominance. Ann Bot 30:447–456 Sachs T (1988) Epigenetic selection: an alternative mechanism of pattern formation. J Theor Biol 134:547–59. Sachs T (1991) Pattern formation in plant tissues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Sachs T (2002) Consequences of the inherent developmental plasticity of organ and tissue relations. Evol Ecol 16:243–265 Sachs T (2004) Self-organization of tree form: a model for complex social systems. J Theor Biol 230:197–202 Sachs, T, Hassidim M (1996) Competition and mutual support of branches in damaged plants. Vegetatio 127:25–30 Sachs T, Novoplansky A (1995) Tree form: architectural models do not suffice. Isr J Plant Sci 43:203–212 Sachs T, Novoplansky A (1997) What does aclonal organization suggest concerning clonal plants? In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael (eds) The ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 55–77 Sachs T, Novoplansky A, Cohen D (1993) Plants as competing populations of redundant organs. Plant Cell Environ 16:765–770 Snow R (1931) Experiments on growth and inhibition. II. New phenomena of inhibition. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 108:305–16 Snow R (1937) On the nature of correlative inhibition. New Phytol 36:283–300
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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128 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.2. NO
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130 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.3.1 Nitri
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132 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.3. Sc
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134 M.L. Lanteri et al. Bellamine J
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136 M.L. Lanteri et al. Pagnussat G
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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11 Amino Acid Transport in Plants a
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11 AA transport in plant versus neu
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12 GABA and GHB Neurotransmitters i
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188 M. Gilliham et al. Fig.13.1. Ar
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190 M. Gilliham et al. as compatibl
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192 M. Gilliham et al. apex (Zhang
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194 M. Gilliham et al. 13.3.3 Are A
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196 M. Gilliham et al. sufficiently
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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202 M. Gilliham et al. Kang J, Meht
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204 M. Gilliham et al. Zheng Y, Mel
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206 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman F
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210 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman v
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216 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman 1
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218 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman G
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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16 Nonselective cation channels 237
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17 Touch-Responsive Behaviors and G
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18 Oscillations in Plants Sergey Sh
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18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Tempo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 265 Dries
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18 Oscillations in Plants 267 backg
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18 Oscillations in Plants 269 The f
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18 Oscillations in Plants 271 prehe
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18 Oscillations in Plants 273 Cardo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 275 Shaba
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278 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol W
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280 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol T
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292 R. Stahlberg, R.E. Cleland, E.
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312 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 21.2 Evide
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314 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Fig.21.3.
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316 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Relative m
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318 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 1992; Beel
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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW,
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322 J. Fromm, S. Lautner in the ran
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324 J. Fromm, S. Lautner cells (Sam
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326 J. Fromm, S. Lautner 22.5 Ion C
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328 J. Fromm, S. Lautner hastobedon
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330 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Beilby MJ,
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332 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Williams S
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334 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai like the
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336 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 2,000 nM
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338 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai the fourt
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340 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai “slow-w
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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344 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai that tree
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346 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Fort C, F
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348 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Pophof B,
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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372 E. Wagner et al. Exudation [µl
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374 E. Wagner et al. metabolism at
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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378 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.5. Time
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380 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.7. Patt
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382 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.9. Time
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384 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.11. a K
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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388 E. Wagner et al. Lecharny A, Wa
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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