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290 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol Stankovic B, Witters DL, Zawadzki T, Davies E (1998) Action potentials and variation potentials in sunflower: An analysis of their relationship and distinguishing characteristics. Physiol Plant 103:51–58 Stoeckel H, Takeda K (1993) Plasmalemmal, voltage-dependent ionic currents from excitable pulvinar motor cells of Mimosa pudica. J Membr Biol 131:179–193 Taylor AR, Brownlee C (2004) Fast Na + /Ca 2+ -based action potential in marine diatoms. International workshop on plant membrane biology, Montpellier, France, abstract 115 Tazawa M, Kikuyama M (2003) Is Ca 2+ release from internal stores involved in membrane excitation in Characean cells? Plant Cell Physiol 44:518–526 Tazawa M, Shimmen T (1987) Cell motility and ionic relations in Characean cell as revealed by internal perfusion and cell models. Int Rev Cytol 109:259–312 Thiel G, Dityatev AE (1998) Transient activity of excitatory Cl − channels in Chara:Evidence for quantal release of a gating factor. J Membr Biol 163:183–191 Thiel G, Homann U, Gradmann D (1993) Microscopic elements of electrical excitation in Chara: Transient activity of Cl − channels in the plasma membrane. J Membr Biol 134:53–66 Trebacz K, Busch MB, Hejnowicz Z, Sievers A (1996) Cyclopiazonic acid disturbs the regulation of cytosolic calcium when repetitive action potentials are evoked in Dionaea traps. Planta 198:623–626 Trebacz K, Simonis W, Schönknecht G (1994) Cytoplasmic Ca 2+ ,K + ,Cl − ,andNO − 3 activities in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum L. at rest and during action potentials. Plant Physiol 106:1073–1084 Trebacz K, Simonis W, Schönknecht G (1997) Effects of anion channel inhibitors on lightinduced potential changes in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. PlantCellPhysiol 38:550–557 Trebacz K, Tarnecki R, Zawadzki T (1989) The effect of ionic channel inhibitors and factors modifying metabolism on the excitability of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Physiol Plant 75:24–30 Trebacz K, Zawadzki T (1985) Light-triggered action potentials in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Physiol Plant 64:482–486 Tsutsui I, Ohkawa T (1993) L-type Ca 2+ channel in alga plant Chara corallina.BiomedRes 14 Suppl 2:73–74 Wacke M, Thiel G (2001) Electrically triggered all-or-none liberation during action potentials in the giant alga Chara. J Gen Physiol 118:11–21 Wacke M, Thiel G, Hütt M-T (2003) Ca 2+ dynamics during membrane excitation of green alga Chara: model simulations and experimental data. J Membr Biol 191:179–192 Wildon DC, Thain JF, Minchin PEH, Gubb IB, Reilly AJ, Skipper YD, Doherty HM, O’Donnell PJ, Bowles DJ (1992) Electrical signalling and systemic proteinase inhibitor induction in the wounded plant. Nature 360:62–65 Williamson RE, Ashley CC (1982) Free Ca 2+ and cytoplasmic streaming in the alga Chara. Nature 296:647–651 Zawadzki T (1980) Action Potentials in Lupinus angustifolius L.shoots.V.Spreadofexcitation in the stem, leaves, and root. J Exp Bot 31:1371–1377 Zawadzki T, Dziubinska H, Davies E (1995) Characteristics of action potentials generated spontaneously in Helianthus annuus. Physiol Plant 93:291–297 Zawadzki T, Trebacz K (1982) Action potentials in Lupinus angustifolius L. shoots. VI. Propagation of action potential in the stem after the application of mechanical block. J Exp Bot 33:100–110 Zawadzki T, Trebacz K (1985) Extra- and intracellular measurements of action potentials in liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Physiol Plant 64:477–481
20 Slow Wave Potentials – a Propagating Electrical Signal Unique to Higher Plants Rainer Stahlberg, Robert E. Cleland, Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh Abstract Plants have at least three kinds of propagating electrical signals. In addition to a sustained wound potential (WP) that stops a few millimeters from dying cells, these signals are action potentials (APs) and slow wave potentials (SWPs). All three signals consist of a transient change in the membrane potential of plant cells (depolarization and subsequent repolarization), but only SWPs and APs make use of the vascular bundles to achieve a potentially systemic spread through the entire plant. The principal difference used to differentiate SWPs from APs is that SWPs show longer, delayed repolarizations. Unfortunately, SWP repolarizations also show a large range of variation that makes a distinction difficult. SWPs and APs do differ more clearly, however, in the causal factors stimulating their appearance, the ionic mechanisms of their depolarization and repolarization phases as well as the mechanisms and pathways of propagation. The depolarizations of a SWP arisewithanincreaseinturgorpressurecellsexperienceinthewakeofahydraulicpressure wave that spreads through the xylem conduits after rain, embolism, bending, local wounds, organ excision and local burning. The generation of APs occurs under different environmental and internal influences (e.g. touch, light changes, cold treatment, cell expansion) that – mediated through varying generator potentials – trigger a voltage-dependent depolarization spike in an all-or-nothing manner. While APs and WPs can be triggered in excised organs, SWPs depend on the pressure difference between the atmosphere and an intact plant interior. High humidity and prolonged darkness will also suppress SWP signaling. The ionic mechanism of the SWP is thought to involve a transient shutdown of aP-typeH + -ATPase in the plasma membrane and differs from the mechanism underlying APs. Another defining characteristic of SWPs is the hydraulic mode of propagation that enables them – but not APs – to pass through killed or poisoned areas. Unlike APs they can easily communicate between leaf and stem. SWPs can move in both directions of the plant axis, while their amplitudes show a decrement of about 2.5% cm −1 and move with speeds that can be slower than APs in darkness and faster in bright light. The SWPs move with a rapid pressure increase that establishes an axial pressure gradient in the xylem. This gradient translates distance (perhaps via changing kinetics in the rise of turgor pressure) into increasing lag phases for the pressure-induced depolarizations in the epidermis cells. Haberlandt (1890), after studying propagating responses in Mimosa pudica, suggestedthe existence of hydraulically propagated electric potentials at a time when only APs were conceivable. It took a century to realize that such signals do exist and that they coincide with the characteristics of SWPs rather than those of APs. Moreover, we begin to understand that SWPs are not only ubiquitous among higher plants but represent a unique, defining characteristic without parallels in lower plants or animals. Communication in Plants F. Baluška, S. Mancuso, D. Volkmann (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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6TargetsofSI 93 Snowman BN, Kovar D
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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134 M.L. Lanteri et al. Bellamine J
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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11 Amino Acid Transport in Plants a
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11 AA transport in plant versus neu
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12 GABA and GHB Neurotransmitters i
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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206 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman F
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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