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200 M. Gilliham et al.<br />

13.4.5<br />

NSCC Characterisation<br />

The inadequacy of NSCC characterisation in planta and the uncertainty<br />

regarding the definitive identification of ions involved in (or the signalling<br />

components downstream of) the ligand gated Em depolarisation in<br />

planta make it difficult to match the characteristics of putative heteromerdependentAtGLRcurrentstonativecurrents.Theuseofionchannelblockers<br />

and ion substitution in microelectrode impalements are producing<br />

some insights (Sivaguru et al. 2003; Qi et al. 2005) and greater resolution<br />

could be provided by further patch clamp experiments (Demidchik et al.<br />

2004) where greater control of solutions could also reveal whether cytosolic<br />

components are involved. Selection of fluorescent protoplasts expressing<br />

marker:AtGLR promoter fusions indicating expression of specific AtGLRs<br />

within protoplasts may allow the tentative identification of currents with<br />

gene products (Kiegle et al. 2000). Alternatively, mRNA could be extracted<br />

from protoplasts after electrophysiological investigation and AtGLR transcript<br />

abundance correlated with membrane conductance (Gehwolf et al.<br />

2002).<br />

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WI, USA<br />

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engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:250–257<br />

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prokaryotic glutamate receptor. Nature 402:817–821<br />

Chiu J, DeSalle R, Lam HM, Meisel L, Coruzzi G (1999) Molecular evolution of glutamate<br />

receptors: a primitive signaling mechanism that existed before plants and animals<br />

diverged. Mol Biol Evol 16:826–838<br />

Chiu JC, Brenner ED, DeSalle R, Nitabach MN, Holmes TC, Coruzzi GM (2002) Phylogenetic<br />

and expression analysis of the glutamate-receptor-like gene family in Arabidopsis<br />

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