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262 S. Shabala 18.2 Diversity and Hierarchy of Plant Oscillators 18.2.1 Spatial and Temporary Hierarchy Oscillations in the plant kingdom cover an extremely broad range of periods (Fig. 18.1) and occur at various levels of plant structural organisation. Consequently, we are talking about spatial and temporal hierarchy of oscillations in plants. Spatial hierarchy implies that oscillations are present at different levels of plant structural organisation, from the molecular level to that for the whole plant or even of plant ecosystem (Aschoff 1981). The physiological significance of such spatial hierarchy is that the oscillating process in one “compartment” is optimised for a certain range of conditions and is not interfering with other “compartments”. A good example is stomata patchiness and oscillations in leaf photosynthesis (Sect. 18.2.2.2). ATP content Growth Enzymatic activity; protein synthesis Membrane transport Protoplasmic movement Leaf movement Membrane electric activity Conformational changes in molecules Seed germination 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Period of oscillations, sec 1 sec 1 min 1 h 1 d 1 mo nth 1 year Fig.18.1. Diversity and temporal hierarchy of plant oscillators
18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Temporal hierarchy implies that several oscillatory processes, with very different periods, may occur at the same cellular compartment, but because of the difference in the time scales in many cases one of these processes can be considered as stationary. The most apparent example is coexistence of circadian and ultradian oscillations for the same process. Oscillations in stomatal conductance (Barrs 1971; Cowan 1972) or leaf movement (Engelmann and Antkowiak 1998) are a good example. Another illustration may be net H + flux oscillations in the elongation zone of corn roots, with 7-min and 1.5-h period components (Shabala et al. 1997a). The period range of reported oscillations in plants is extremely broad (Fig. 18.1), from a few milliseconds (oscillations in ion channel conductance; conformational changes in macromolecules) to several years (flowering cycles in some species) (Ashoff 1981; Shabala 1989, and references within). Most reported oscillations are between these two extremes (Fig. 18.1). These can be further divided into two major groups. One such group is circadian oscillations, with free-running periods between 20 and 28 h (Aschoff 1981; Webb 2003). The other (larger) group is oscillations in the minute range of periods. The latter group, the ultradian oscillations, is amajorfocusofthispaper. 18.2.2 Functional Expression Despite the ubiquitous presence of ultradian oscillations, their physiological role in plants is not always clear. Most published reports are phenomenological in nature, with no clear evidence for “functionality”. In this section, I review some of the known evidence for ultradian oscillations in plants, with a major emphasis on the physiological significance of observed phenomena. 18.2.2.1 Leaf Movement Oscillatory leaf movements, with periods from several minutes to 1−2 h have been reported for many species (Antkowiak and Engelmann 1995; Sharma et al. 2003). It is believed that reversible changes in leaf angle in plants bearing pulvini are caused by changes in the size and turgor of pulvini motor cells; these in turn are regulated by the rhythmical movement of K + and Cl − into and out of such cells (Kim et al. 1993; Antkowiak and Engelmann 1995; Engelmann and Antkowiak 1998). The functional role of ultradian oscillations in leaf movement is yet to be demonstrated in direct experiments. Several authors suggest that fast ultradian leaf movements may serve to regulate the light intensity, optimise
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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6TargetsofSI 93 Snowman BN, Kovar D
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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130 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.3.1 Nitri
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134 M.L. Lanteri et al. Bellamine J
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136 M.L. Lanteri et al. Pagnussat G
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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11 Amino Acid Transport in Plants a
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11 AA transport in plant versus neu
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188 M. Gilliham et al. Fig.13.1. Ar
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190 M. Gilliham et al. as compatibl
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192 M. Gilliham et al. apex (Zhang
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194 M. Gilliham et al. 13.3.3 Are A
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196 M. Gilliham et al. sufficiently
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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318 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 1992; Beel
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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW,
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322 J. Fromm, S. Lautner in the ran
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326 J. Fromm, S. Lautner 22.5 Ion C
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330 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Beilby MJ,
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332 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Williams S
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334 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai like the
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336 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 2,000 nM
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338 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai the fourt
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340 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai “slow-w
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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344 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai that tree
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346 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Fort C, F
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348 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Pophof B,
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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384 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.11. a K
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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388 E. Wagner et al. Lecharny A, Wa
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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