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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW, Kulozik AE (1999) A perfect message: RNA surveillance and nonsense-mediated decay. Cell 96:307–310 Hofmann WA et al. (2004) Actin is part of the pre-initiation complexes and is necessary for transcription by RNA polymerase II. Nat Cell Biol 6:1094–1101 Kozak M (1992) Regulation of translation in eukaryotic systems. Annu Rev Cell Biol 8:197-225 Landick R (1999) Shifting RNA polymerase into overdrive. Science 284:598–599 Larkins BA, Davies E (1973) Polyribosomes from peas III: stimulation of polysome degradation by exogenous and endogenous calcium. Plant Physiol 52:655–659 LeBrasseur ND, MacIntosh GC, Perez-Amador MA, Saitch M, Green PJ (2002) Local and systemic wound-induction of RNase and nuclease activities in Arabidopsis: RNS1 as a marker for a JA-independent systemic signaling pathway. Plant J 29:393–403 Malone M (1996) Rapid, long-distance signal transmission in higher plants. In: Callow JA (ed) Advances in botanical research. Academic, San Diego, pp 163–228 Ramaiah KVA, Davies E (1985) Wounding of aged pea epicotyls enhances the reinitiating ability of isolated ribosomes. Plant Cell Physiol 26:1223–1231 Ryazanov AG, Shestakova EA, Natapov PG (1988) Phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 by EF-2 kinase affects rate of translation. Nature 334:170–173 Salinas-Mondragón R, Atkinson CA, Davies E (2001) Ultra-rapid wound responses in plants: changes in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and gene expression. Poster presented at Plant Biology 2001, 21–25 July 2001, Providence, RI, USA. Abstract 686, http://abstracts.aspb.org/pb2001/public/P45/0230.html Schuster A, Davies E (1983) Protein and RNA metabolism in pea epicotyls. II. The response to wounding. Plant Physiol 73:817–821 Shestakova EA, Motoz LP, Minin AA, Gelfand VI, Gavrilova LP (1991) Some of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 is co-localized with actin microfilament bundles in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int Rep 15:75–84 Stankovic B, Davies E (1996) Both action potentials and variation potentials induce proteinase inhibitor gene expression in tomato. FEBS Lett 390:275–279 Stankovic B, Davies E (1997a) Intercellular communication in plants: electrical stimulation of proteinase inhibitor gene expression in tomato. Planta 202:402–406 Stankovic B, Davies E (1997b) Wounding evokes rapid changes in tissue deformation, electrical potential, transcription, and translation in tomato. Plant Cell Physiol 39:268–274 Stankovic B, Zawadzki T, Davies E (1997) Characterization of the variation potential in sunflower. Plant Physiol 115:1083–1088 Stankovic B, Witters DL, Zawadzki T, Davies E (1998) Action potentials and variation potentials in sunflower: an analysis of their relationships and distinguishing characteristics. Physiol Plant 105:51–58 Stankovic B, Vian A, Henry-Vian C, Davies E (2000) Molecular cloning and characterization of a tomato cDNA encoding a systemically wound-inducible bZIP DNA-binding protein. Planta 212:60–66 Thuleau P, Schroder JL, Ranjeva R (1998) Recent advances in the regulation of plant calcium channels: evidence for regulation of G-proteins, the cytoskeleton and second messengers. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1:424–427 Wang YF, Fan L-M, Zhang W-Z, Zhang W, Wu W-H (2004) Ca 2+ -permeable channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis pollen are regulated by actin microfilaments. Plant Physiol 136:3892–3904 York JD, Odom AR, Murphy R, Ives EB, Wente SR (1999) A phospholipase C-dependent inositol polyphosphate kinase pathway required for efficient mRNA export. Science 285:96–100 Zawadzki T, Davies E, Dziubinska H, Trebacz K (1991) Characteristics of action potentials in Helianthus annuus L. Physiol Plant 83:601–604
22 Characteristics and Functions of Phloem-Transmitted Electrical Signals in Higher Plants Jörg Fromm, Silke Lautner Abstract Electrical signalling along the phloem has been studied in a number of species like maize, willow and Mimosa. It appears that sieve tubes with their large sieve pores are used to transmit information over long distances, while plasmodesmata serve as a means for the propagation of electrical signals over short distances between cells. By using the aphid technique the phloem pathway has been shown to transmit action potentials with a velocity up to 10 cm s −1 . With regard to the ion fluxes which create the conditions necessary for the generation of an action potential, we found that calcium influx as well as potassium and chloride efflux are involved. Some of their corresponding ion channels were identified. AKT2/3-like channels, expressed in the phloem and capable of mediating both uptake and release of K + in response to changes in membrane potential, were identified in several species such as Arabidopsis, maize and broad bean. Concerning physiological functions of electrical signalling, evidence was found for a link between the signals and photosynthetic response in Mimosa, apart from the regulation of rapid leaf movements. In addition, electrical signals in maize play a role in the regulation of phloem transport as well as in root-to-shoot communication of entire plants. 22.1 Introduction Almost the entire chemistry of the neuromotoric system in animals is also available to plants. They do not possess nerves but neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, cellular messengers like calmodulin, cellular motors, e.g. actin and myosin, voltage-gated ion channels and sensors for touch, light, gravity and temperature. This exciting cellular chemistry raises the question: Why do plants need cellular equipment similar to nerves? Although the degree of development and complexity of plant cells is not comparable to that of the nervous system in animals, plants seem to have developed a simple neural network within the phloem which serves the communication between plant organs over long distances. They have presumably developed such a system in order to cope in the best possible way with environmental stress factors. Having sensed environmental stimuli, the sensor region needs to transmit a signal to the responding region. The nature of this signal may be chemical (e.g. hormonal), hydraulic (e.g. pressure changes) or electrical (e.g. ionic). The electrical signals, in particular, have the capacity to rapidly transmit information over long distances. However, the conduction rate of most of the plant action potentials studied so far is Communication in Plants F. Baluška, S. Mancuso, D. Volkmann (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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11 Amino Acid Transport in Plants a
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11 AA transport in plant versus neu
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12 GABA and GHB Neurotransmitters i
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188 M. Gilliham et al. Fig.13.1. Ar
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190 M. Gilliham et al. as compatibl
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194 M. Gilliham et al. 13.3.3 Are A
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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16 Nonselective cation channels 237
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17 Touch-Responsive Behaviors and G
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18 Oscillations in Plants Sergey Sh
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18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Tempo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 265 Dries
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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