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296 R. Stahlberg, R.E. Cleland, E. Van Volkenburgh Fig.20.2. The application of negative (vacuum) and positive pressure steps of equal size (60 kPa) to the submersed basal cut of an etiolated pea epicotyl shows that only positive pressurestepsleadtoincreasedgrowthrate(GR) and water uptake as well as the generation ofaSWPdepolarization,heremeasuredattheepicotylsurfaceatadistanceof60mm will vary in amplitude and lag in appearance only if the xylem pressure in the measured stem section increases between 30 and 80 kPa. For pressure increases larger than 80 kPa, depolarizations will be identical, i.e., they will appear immediately and with similar, i.e., maximal, amplitudes. Thus, a SWP will appear immediately and simultaneously along entire stem or leaf sections as long as their change in xylem pressure exceeds 80 kPa (e.g., in monocot leaves after flame stimulation; Malone and Stankovic 1991; Malone 1992). Unlike ideal tubes, xylem conduits leak water in a centrifugal direction and they do so preferably upon an increase in xylem pressure (Canny 1995). When a chamber enforced a constant pressure increase of 50 kPa to the vasculature of the submersed basal end of a pea stem segment, it was found this pressure is not transmitted in full amplitude to the apical end of the segment (Fig. 20.4). The transmitted pressure steps decline with increasing length of the measured segments and completely disappear when the epicotyl length exceeds 12 cm. While Fig. 20.4 shows a linear drop of the xylem pressure from the base to the tip of the pea epicotyl, Fig. 20.3 predicts that an axial pressure gradient in the range 30−80 kPa should create a series of depolarizations with increasing lag and decreasing amplitudes. Figures 20.3 and 20.4 therefore provide the basis for understanding SWPs. The apparent, decremented apical “movement” of a SWP is not due to genuine axial propagation but to delayed electrical responses to increasingly smaller hydraulic signals (Stahlberg and Cosgrove 1997c). One cannot avoid being impressed by the accuracy with which plant stems translate pressure steps into electrical signals, distances into increasing lags of the depolarization produced, and by the reliability with which these computations create an always perfect illusion of an electrical signal propagating along the surface.
20 Slow Wave Potentials 297 Fig.20.3. A compilation of measurements shows that SWP characteristics such as lag phases (crosses) and amplitudes (circles) of SWP depolarizations depend on the size of the xylem pressure steps (which are somewhat smaller than the actually shown pressure steps that were appliedtothesubmersedcutendofanetiolatedpeaseedlingatadistanceof60mmfromthe recording site, see Fig. 20.4). Note that a propagating SWP appears only at lower pressure steps. At pressures above 100 kPa the induced slow wave (SW) depolarizations become indistinguishable in time of appearance (lag phase→0 s) and amplitude. (Compiled from unpublished and published data from Stahlberg and Cosgrove 1997a) Fig.20.4.Regression analysis of pressure propagation in epicotyl segments of various lengths shows the linear dissipation of a constant pressure step of 50 kPa from the basal end of application towards the apex. The basal ends of pea epicotyl segments 2−12 cm long were submersed and sealed into a pressure chamber while the apical end was sealed to a pressure probe. A loss of about 4 kPacm −1 reflects the radial leakiness of the xylem. (Redrawn from Stahlberg and Cosgrove 1997a)
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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6TargetsofSI 93 Snowman BN, Kovar D
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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98 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Fo
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100 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling p
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102 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling i
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104 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling r
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106 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling F
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108 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling M
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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128 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.2. NO
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130 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.3.1 Nitri
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132 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.3. Sc
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134 M.L. Lanteri et al. Bellamine J
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136 M.L. Lanteri et al. Pagnussat G
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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11 Amino Acid Transport in Plants a
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11 AA transport in plant versus neu
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188 M. Gilliham et al. Fig.13.1. Ar
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190 M. Gilliham et al. as compatibl
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192 M. Gilliham et al. apex (Zhang
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194 M. Gilliham et al. 13.3.3 Are A
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196 M. Gilliham et al. sufficiently
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198 M. Gilliham et al. 2005). It is
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200 M. Gilliham et al. 13.4.5 NSCC
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202 M. Gilliham et al. Kang J, Meht
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204 M. Gilliham et al. Zheng Y, Mel
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206 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman F
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210 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman v
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218 E.B. Blancaflor, K.D. Chapman G
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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16 Nonselective cation channels 237
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Fig.16.1. Possible roles of nonsele
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370 E. Wagner et al. Table 25.1. Fl
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372 E. Wagner et al. Exudation [µl
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374 E. Wagner et al. metabolism at
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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378 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.5. Time
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380 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.7. Patt
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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