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204 M. Gilliham et al. Zheng Y, Mellem JE, Brockie PJ, Madsen DM, Maricq AV (2004) SOL-1 is a CUB-domain protein required for GLR-1 glutamate receptor function in C. elegans. Nature 472:451–457 Zimmerli L, Jakab G, Métraux JP, Mauch-Mani B (2000) Potentiation of pathogen-specific defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis by beta-aminobutyric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12920–12925 Zimmermann P, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Hennig L, Gruissem W (2004) GENEVESTIGATOR. Arabidopsis microarray database and analysis toolbox. Plant Physiol 136:2621–2632
14 Similarities Between Endocannabinoid Signaling in Animal Systems and N-Acylethanolamine Metabolism in Plants Elison B. Blancaflor, Kent D. Chapman Abstract N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are minor lipid constituents of plant and animal cells, and their roles in mammalian physiology and neurobiology have been studied intensively for many years. However, corresponding studies on the function of NAEs in plants have appeared only recently. Within the last decade significant progress has been made in quantifying NAEs in plant tissues, characterizing their potential targets in plant cells and identifying the relevant enzyme involved in their degradation, but much remains to be determined regarding the role of these fatty acid amides in plant physiology. Although our understanding of the specific functions of NAE in plants is far from complete, recent advances in plant NAE biochemistry are pointing to intriguing similarities between animals and plants in the metabolism and perception of NAE. In this chapter we discuss NAEs as prospective signaling and regulatory molecules in plant cells. Advances in mammalian NAE research are presented when appropriate in order to draw parallels as well as to highlight differences between plant NAE metabolism and the endocannabinoid signaling system, the major pathway by which NAE exerts its physiological effects in animal cells. 14.1 Introduction and Overview of Mammalian Endocannabinoid Signaling Formanycenturiesderivativesofmarijuana(Cannabis sativa) havebeen known to possess medicinal properties. Identification of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; Fig. 14.1a) as one of the active ingredients of marijuana led to the discovery of a group of G-protein coupled receptors that bind to THC. Two cannabinoid (CB) receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been cloned thus far, with CB1 being the most highly expressed neuromodulatory receptor in the brain. CB2 receptors, on the other hand, are absent in the brainbutpredominateintissuesoftheimmunesystem(WilsonandNicoll 2002). Low levels of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) were first identified in mammalian brain in 1965 (Bachur et al. 1965) but the function of this family of lipids remained unclear until N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide; NAE20:4; Fig. 14.1b) was discovered to be an endogenous ligand for CB1 receptors (Devane et al. 1992). This finding stimulated a flurry of research on the metabolism and biological activities of NAEs in several animal models, which eventually solidified the status of anandamide as an endogenous neurotransmitter (Self 1999). Anandamide as a ligand for Communication in Plants F. Baluška, S. Mancuso, D. Volkmann (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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6TargetsofSI 93 Snowman BN, Kovar D
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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98 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Fo
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100 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling p
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102 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling i
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104 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling r
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106 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling F
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108 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling M
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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124 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.1.1 Auxin
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126 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.1. Sc
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128 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.2. NO
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130 M.L. Lanteri et al. 9.3.1 Nitri
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132 M.L. Lanteri et al. Fig.9.3. Sc
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134 M.L. Lanteri et al. Bellamine J
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136 M.L. Lanteri et al. Pagnussat G
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138 S.J. Murch H 3C CH3 CH3 N H 2C
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140 S.J. Murch edible plants (Manch
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142 S.J. Murch However, over the la
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144 S.J. Murch of monoamine, amino
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146 S.J. Murch On Guam and in other
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148 S.J. Murch 10.4 Conclusions and
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150 S.J. Murch Lindstrom H, Luthman
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17 Touch-Responsive Behaviors and G
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18 Oscillations in Plants Sergey Sh
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18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Tempo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 265 Dries
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18 Oscillations in Plants 267 backg
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18 Oscillations in Plants 269 The f
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18 Oscillations in Plants 271 prehe
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18 Oscillations in Plants 273 Cardo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 275 Shaba
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278 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol W
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280 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol T
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282 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol E
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284 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol 1
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286 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol n
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288 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol D
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290 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol S
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292 R. Stahlberg, R.E. Cleland, E.
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310 E.Davies,B.Stankovic It is assu
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312 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 21.2 Evide
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314 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Fig.21.3.
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316 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Relative m
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318 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 1992; Beel
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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW,
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322 J. Fromm, S. Lautner in the ran
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324 J. Fromm, S. Lautner cells (Sam
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326 J. Fromm, S. Lautner 22.5 Ion C
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328 J. Fromm, S. Lautner hastobedon
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330 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Beilby MJ,
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332 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Williams S
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334 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai like the
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336 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 2,000 nM
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338 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai the fourt
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340 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai “slow-w
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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344 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai that tree
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346 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Fort C, F
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348 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Pophof B,
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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370 E. Wagner et al. Table 25.1. Fl
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372 E. Wagner et al. Exudation [µl
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374 E. Wagner et al. metabolism at
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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378 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.5. Time
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380 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.7. Patt
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382 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.9. Time
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384 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.11. a K
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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388 E. Wagner et al. Lecharny A, Wa
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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