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170 T. Müller, W. Koch, D. Wipf Swofford DL (1998) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, USA Tegeder M, Offler CE, Frommer WB, Patrick JW (2000) Amino acid transporters are localized to transfer cells of developing Pea seeds. Plant Physiol 122:319–325 Thwaites DT, McEwan GTA, Simmons NL (1995) The role of the proton electrochemical gradient in the transepithelial absorption of amino acids by human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Membr Biol 145:245–256 Vadgama JV, Christensen HN (1984) Wide distribution of pH-dependent service of transport system ASC for both anionic and zwitterionic amino acids. J Biol Chem 259:3648–3652 Velasco I, Tenreiro S, Calderon IL, Andre B (2004) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aqr1 is an internal-membrane transporter involved in excretion of amino acids. Eukaryot Cell 3:1492–1503 Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (2004) CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 447:532–542 Waditee R, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Nakamura T, Incharoensakdi A, Hayakawa S, Suzuki S, Futsuhara Y, Kawamitsu Y, Takabe T (2002) Functional characterization of betaine/proline transporters in betaine-accumulating mangrove. J Biol Chem 277:18373–18382 Wipf D, Ludewig U, Tegeder M, Rentsch D, Koch W, Frommer WB (2002) Conservation of amino acid transporters in fungi, plants and animals. Trends Biochem Sci 27:139–147 Zerangue N, Kavanaugh MP (1996) Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter. Nature 383:634–637
12 GABA and GHB Neurotransmitters in Plants and Animals Aaron Fait, Ayelet Yellin, Hillel Fromm Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid conserved from bacteria to plants and vertebrates. In the latter it is mainly known as a neurotransmitter. The enzymes that synthesize and catabolize GABA constitute a metabolic pathway known as the GABA shunt which bypasses two steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Functional genomics tools using Arabidopsis as a model system revealed that the GABA shunt is imperative for normal plant development and for response to stress, and suggest roles for GABA as an important metabolite as well as a potential signaling molecule. Moreover, γ-hydroxybutyrate, a by-product of the GABA shunt and a neurotransmitter in animals, was recently discovered in plants. Here we discuss the possible roles of these two neurotransmitters in plants with focus on components that underlie their roles as signaling molecules. 12.1 Introduction γ-Aminobutyricacid(GABA)wasdiscoveredinplantsoverhalfacentury ago (Steward et al. 1949), and shortly after it was discovered in vertebrates. Interest in GABA shifted to animals when it was revealed that GABA occurs at high levels in the brain, where it plays a major role in neurotransmission. Interest in the GABA shunt in plants emerged later, following observations that GABA is largely and rapidly produced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses (reviewed by Shelp et al. 1999; Snedden and Fromm 1999; Kinnersley and Turano 2000). A breakthrough in studying GABA in plants came from molecular studies, particularly following the cloning of the Ca 2+ /calmodulin-regulated GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; Baum et al. 1993), and later by employing transgenic plants (Baum et al. 1996) and functional genomics tools in Arabidopsis to investigate mutants of the GABA metabolic pathway (Bouché et al. 2003, 2004; Palanivelu et al. 2003; Fait et al. 2005). GABA is mainly metabolized via a short pathway known as the GABA shunt,whichbypassestwostepsofthetricarboxylicacid(TCA)cycle (Fig. 12.1), and is composed of three enzymes: the cytosolic-localized GAD, and the mitochondrial-localized GABA trans-aminase (GABA-T), and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). Owing to the fact that most of the knowledge about GABA as a signaling molecule comes from mammalian studies, we will briefly review the subject of GABA signaling in mammals as a basis for discussing aspects of neurotransmitter signaling Communication in Plants F. Baluška, S. Mancuso, D. Volkmann (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
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František Baluška · Stefano Manc
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Dr. František Baluška University
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VI Preface turn, reward the ants by
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VIII Preface of olfactory response.
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Contents 1 The Green Plant as an In
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Contents XIII 6 Signals and Targets
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Contents XV 11 Amino Acid Transport
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Contents XVII 15 Regulation of Plan
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Contents XIX 21.3 Conclusions and P
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Contents XXI 27.3.2 Catechin Induce
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XXIV Contributors Correa-Aragunde,
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XXVI Contributors Lamattina, L. (e-
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XXVIII Contributors Song, C. Depart
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1 The Green Plant as an Intelligent
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2 Neurobiological View of Plants an
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38 P.W. Barlow Thestimulipresentedt
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40 P.W. Barlow that a tropism is su
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42 P.W. Barlow the auxin flow into
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44 P.W. Barlow afferentnervousimpul
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46 P.W. Barlow analysis. In particu
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48 P.W. Barlow reception of his boo
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50 P.W. Barlow Iijima M, Kono Y (19
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4 How Can Plants Choose the Most Pr
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66 P.M. Neumann Finally, I examined
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68 P.M. Neumann evolutionary progre
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70 P.M. Neumann conclusion is that
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72 P.M. Neumann resources from matu
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6 Signals and Targets Triggered by
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6TargetsofSI 77 6.1.2 Self-Incompat
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6TargetsofSI 79 by Yang 2002) has p
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6TargetsofSI 81 al. 2002). Thus, SI
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6TargetsofSI 83 Fig.6.2. PrABP80 ha
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6TargetsofSI 85 many of the genes e
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6TargetsofSI 87 [Ca 2+ ]i may signa
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6TargetsofSI 89 is crosstalk betwee
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6TargetsofSI 91 Hepler PK, Vidali L
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6TargetsofSI 93 Snowman BN, Kovar D
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96 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Wh
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98 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling Fo
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100 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling p
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102 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling i
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104 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling r
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106 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling F
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108 T. Nürnberger, B. Kemmerling M
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8 Nitric Oxide Involvement in Incom
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15 Regulation of Plant Growth and D
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16 Physiological Roles of Nonselect
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16 Nonselective cation channels 237
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Fig.16.1. Possible roles of nonsele
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17 Touch-Responsive Behaviors and G
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18 Oscillations in Plants Sergey Sh
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18 Oscillations in Plants 263 Tempo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 265 Dries
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18 Oscillations in Plants 267 backg
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18 Oscillations in Plants 269 The f
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18 Oscillations in Plants 271 prehe
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18 Oscillations in Plants 273 Cardo
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18 Oscillations in Plants 275 Shaba
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278 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol W
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280 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol T
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282 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol E
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284 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol 1
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286 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol n
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288 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol D
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290 K.Trebacz,H.Dziubinska,E.Krol S
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292 R. Stahlberg, R.E. Cleland, E.
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310 E.Davies,B.Stankovic It is assu
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312 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 21.2 Evide
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314 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Fig.21.3.
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316 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Relative m
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318 E.Davies,B.Stankovic 1992; Beel
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320 E.Davies,B.Stankovic Hentze MW,
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322 J. Fromm, S. Lautner in the ran
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324 J. Fromm, S. Lautner cells (Sam
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326 J. Fromm, S. Lautner 22.5 Ion C
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328 J. Fromm, S. Lautner hastobedon
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330 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Beilby MJ,
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332 J. Fromm, S. Lautner Williams S
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334 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai like the
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336 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 2,000 nM
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338 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai the fourt
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340 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai “slow-w
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342 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai 23.6 Airb
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344 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai that tree
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346 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Fort C, F
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348 S. Mancuso, S. Mugnai Pophof B,
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24 Electrophysiology and Phototropi
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370 E. Wagner et al. Table 25.1. Fl
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372 E. Wagner et al. Exudation [µl
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374 E. Wagner et al. metabolism at
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376 E. Wagner et al. The circadian
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378 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.5. Time
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380 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.7. Patt
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382 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.9. Time
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384 E. Wagner et al. Fig.25.11. a K
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386 E. Wagner et al. 25.9 Conclusio
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388 E. Wagner et al. Lecharny A, Wa
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26 Signals and Signalling Pathways
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404 L.G. Perry et al. properties (S
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406 L.G. Perry et al. Fig.27.1. A s
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408 L.G. Perry et al. phytotoxins i
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410 L.G. Perry et al. monooxygenase
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412 L.G. Perry et al. 27.4 (±)-Cat
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414 L.G. Perry et al. (±)-catechin
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416 L.G. Perry et al. mineralizatio
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418 L.G. Perry et al. Dyer AR (2004
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420 L.G. Perry et al. Singh HP, Bat
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422 V.Ninkovic,R.Glinwood,J.Petters
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436 Subject Index defense 67, 95-10
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438 Subject Index sieve-tube-elemen
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