Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Vaske, J.J.; Shelby, B.; Graefe, A.R.; Heberlein, T.A. 1986. Backcountry encounter norms: theory, method, and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research. 18: 137-187. Vaske, J.J.; Needham, M.D.; Newman, P.; Manfredo, M. J.; Petchenik, J. 2006. Potential for confl ict index: Hunters’ responses to chronic wasting disease. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34(1): 44-50. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 151
William Valliere University of Vermont Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Robert Manning University of Vermont NORM STABILITY AT ALCATRAZ ISLAND: EFFECTS OF TIME AND CHANGING CONDITIONS Abstract.—Research suggests that visitors often have norms about the resource and social conditions acceptable in a park and that understanding such norms can be useful for park management. Most studies of norms use data from cross-sectional surveys, and little is known about how norms may change over time. To explore this issue, we conducted a study in 2007 to determine whether norms for the number of peopleat-one-time in the prison cellhouse at Alcatraz Island, California, had changed since a similar survey in 1998. We conducted an on-site, self-administered visitor survey using a questionnaire identical to the one used in 1998 and similar sampling procedures. Th e survey produced 453 usable questionnaires and yielded a response rate of 83 percent. Th ere were few substantive diff erences in fi ndings between the two studies. Th e fi ndings are generally consistent with results from other research. 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Contemporary park and outdoor recreation management frameworks, including Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (National Park Service 1997), require identifi cation of indicators of quality and establishment of standards of quality (Manning 2007). Indicators of quality are measurable, manageable variables that help defi ne the quality of natural resources and the visitor experience. Standards of quality defi ne the minimum acceptable condition of indicator variables. Research suggests that visitors often have norms about the resource and social conditions acceptable in a park or related area, and that such norms can be useful as a means of formulating indicators and standards of quality (Manning 2007). Most studies of visitor norms use data from crosssectional surveys (Kuentzel and Heberlein 2003). Consequently, we do not know much about how normative standards may change over time. A dramatic or unpredictable change in recreation-related norms over time would diminish their utility for deriving standards and for long-term management of parks and outdoor recreation (Kim and Shelby 2008). Th erefore, norm stability is an important issue for park and outdoor recreation management and research. Studies of norm stability have found mixed results. A 1977 study of boaters on the Rogue River, Oregon, was replicated in 1984 (Shelby et al. 1988). Th ere was no statistically signifi cant diff erence for the maximum acceptable number of river encounters. However, camp encounter norms were signifi cantly higher or more tolerant in the latter study. A similar study in three wilderness areas over a longer interval found few clear, consistent trends in tolerance for inter-group contacts (Cole et al. 1995). A 1978 study of hiking encounter norms in the wilderness of Denali National Park, Alaska, was replicated in 2000 and found fairly stable norms over this 22-year period (Bacon et al. 2003). A longitudinal study of boaters at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Wisconsin, found substantial changes in crowdingrelated norms from 1975 to 1985, but no substantial changes from 1985 to 1997 (Kuentzel and Heberlein 2003). Two other studies found substantial stability in normative standards of recreation visitors over time, but these studies covered only 2 to 3 years (Manning et al. 1999, Kim and Shelby 2008). Kim and Shelby (2008) found that zero- and single-tolerance norms tended to be stable over time. Th ey attribute the greater stability to greater consensus or “crystallization,” which results in greater norm stability. 2.0 METHODS Alcatraz Island is part of Golden Gate National Park in San Francisco, California; a famous federal prison facility operated on the island from 1934 to 1963. Today, the National Park Service (NPS) manages and conducts tours Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 152
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Page 113 and 114: Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
Page 115 and 116: do something and we might think it
Page 117 and 118: Th ese relational interactions enab
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Page 121 and 122: trails, and asking others to stay o
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Page 125 and 126: In summary, this study explored the
Page 127 and 128: Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
Page 129 and 130: Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
Page 131 and 132: Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
Page 133 and 134: Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
Page 135 and 136: Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
Page 137 and 138: Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Page 151 and 152: NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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Page 163 and 164: Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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Page 169 and 170: Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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Page 191 and 192: Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
Page 193 and 194: land implies that planting vegetati
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Page 207 and 208: Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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