Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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with nature and interaction within nature represent two very diff erent behaviors with distinct outcomes. For children approaching adolescence, outdoor experiences may be valued more as social development and peer networking opportunities than as a medium for direct contact with native ecosystems (Burton et al. 1996). Future EE programs could adapt to the shifting priorities of older children and present material in a manner that promotes eco-affi nity and environmental knowledge through interaction within nature. Th is research provides a useful baseline, but additional research that expands the sample frame and research design is needed to identify specifi c mechanisms that explain age-related changes in environmental orientations. Th e current investigation relied primarily on data from self-selected participants of nature-based camps and after-school clubs, and these children may not accurately represent the environmental orientations of the average child in the general population. For example, many children in the sample displayed high eco-affi nity scores that refl ected a strong pre-existing interest in nature. Consequently, diff erences in children’s environmental orientations among age groups in the general population may be even more pronounced. Future research should also control for other demographic variables (e.g., ethnicity, gender). Ethnic diff erences in eco-awareness and environmental knowledge, for instance, have been observed in previous studies (Bullard 1993, Larson et al. 2008); therefore, an ethnically biased sample may confound interpretation. Finally, a longitudinal study that controls for individual diff erences by tracing the development of a child’s attitudes over time would allow for more meaningful comparisons and more powerful analyses of age-mediated shifts in children’s views of nature. With these improvements, researchers will be better equipped to examine the signifi cance of the age 10to-11 transition as an optimal intervention point in the struggle to combat nature-defi cit disorder. 5.0 CITATIONS Bullard, R.D. 1993. Anatomy of environmental racism and the environmental justice movement. In: R.D. Bullard, ed. Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots. Boston, MA: South End Press: 15-40. Burton, L.M.; Obeidallah, D.A.; Allison, K. 1996. Ethnographic insights on social context and adolescent development among inner-city African- American teens. In: R. Jessor, A. Colby, R. A. Shweder, eds. Ethnography and human development: context and meaning in social inquiry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press: 395-418. Coyle, K. 2005. Environmental literacy in America: What ten years of NEETF/Roper research and related studies say about environmental literacy in the U.S. Washington, DC: Th e National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. Dey, I. 1993. Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. London: Routledge. Eagles, P.F.J.; Demare, R. 1999. Factors infl uencing children’s environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education. 30(4): 33-37. Evans, G.W.; Brauchle, G.; Haq, A.; Stecker, R.; Wong, K.; Shapiro, E. 2007. Young children’s environmental attitudes and behaviors. Environment and Behavior. 39(5): 635-659. Hines, J.M.; Hungerford, H.R.; Tomera, A.N. 1986. Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education. 18(2): 1-8. Kahn, P. H. 1999. Th e human relationship with nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kahn, P.H.; Kellert, S.R., eds. 2002. Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kellert, S.R. 2005. Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature connection. Washington, DC: Island Press. Larson, L.R.; Green, G.T.; Castleberry, S.B. 2008. Th e impact of a summer education program on the environmental attitudes and awareness of minority Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 45
children. In: Klenosky, David B., Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc, eds. Proceedings of the 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2008 March 30 - April 1; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-42. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 1-7. Larson, L.R.; Green, G.;T.; Castleberry, S.B. In press. Construction and validation of an instrument to measure environmental orientations in a diverse group of children. Environment and Behavior. Leeming, F.C.; Dwyer, W.O.; Bracken, B.A. 1995. Children’s environmental attitude and knowledge scale: Construction and validation. Journal of Environmental Education. 26(3): 22-31. Louv, R. 2005. Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-defi cit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. Pergams, O.R.W.; Zaradic, P.A. 2006. Is love of nature in the U.S. becoming love of electronic media? 16year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices. Journal of Environmental Management. 80: 387-393. Vadala, C.E.; Bixler, R.D.; James, J.J. 2007. Childhood play and environmental interests: panacea or snake oil? Journal of Environmental Education. 39(1): 3-18. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 46
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
Page 5 and 6: OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
Page 7 and 8: GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
Page 9 and 10: diff erent points along the spectru
Page 11 and 12: Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
Page 13 and 14: amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
Page 15 and 16: Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
Page 17 and 18: THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.—Special places surveys L
Page 21 and 22: For some people, being in their spe
Page 23 and 24: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
Page 25 and 26: large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
Page 27 and 28: Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
Page 31 and 32: Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
Page 33 and 34: 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
Page 37 and 38: YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
Page 39 and 40: A qualitative research design was u
Page 41 and 42: containers, instead of plastic bags
Page 43 and 44: WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
Page 45 and 46: school. Because of the large sample
Page 47 and 48: Table 8.—Observation of built str
Page 49 and 50: “I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
Page 51: Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
Page 55 and 56: Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
Page 57 and 58: Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
Page 59 and 60: did some fi shing himself at each s
Page 61 and 62: On the other hand, some personal kn
Page 63 and 64: Illinois Department of Natural Reso
Page 65 and 66: Consumer behavior researchers have
Page 67 and 68: 50 percent of the households were d
Page 69 and 70: y respondents indicated that these
Page 71 and 72: a bivariate approach (instead of th
Page 73 and 74: HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
Page 75 and 76: Short cruise season. Th e river fre
Page 77 and 78: Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
Page 79 and 80: 2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
Page 81 and 82: Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
Page 83 and 84: With all research, the research que
Page 85 and 86: comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
Page 87 and 88: Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
Page 89 and 90: EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
Page 91 and 92: Table 1.—Comparison of experience
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
Page 95 and 96: HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
Page 97 and 98: 2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
Page 99 and 100: 0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
Page 101 and 102: 4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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