Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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people residing near the Niobrara River (a national scenic river in Nebraska) articulated changing place meanings; meaning changes resulted from individuals’ life experiences and outside infl uences. Bonds with place have been linked to participation in revitalization eff orts (Manzo and Perkins 2006). Th e stronger residents’ sense of place, the more stable their community is likely to be. If, on average, residents have few or no place meanings associated with their community, it is less stable. Planned developments, as well as other events and situations, such as elevated crime rates and natural disasters, have disrupted people’s bonds with places (Manzo and Perkins 2006). In the HRV communities, residents linked disruptions in sense of place to a long decline in the early and middle 20 th century that has gradually been reversed in recent decades. Th ey linked the reversal to community activism. Sense of place is a qualitative concept, but it can be measured with quantitative scales. When compared in longitudinal studies, quantitative measurements show changes in the strength of sense of place over time. Th erefore, it would seem appropriate to apply the LAC process to sense of place. Application of LAC would require the establishment of local indictor(s) of sense of place (step 3). Indicators of sense of place would be used to notify a community if its sense of place dropped below a certain threshold, allowing the community to take action to strengthen sense of place. Th e utility of an upper limit is less clear. An upper limit suggests that too much sense of place is harmful to a community. Tuan (1980) suggested that as strength of sense of place increased, the bond changed and the individual became rooted in the place. Th e implications of this phenomenon were not addressed in the project and are not discussed herein. Th e meanings and values underlying sense of place also evolve over time. A place can have diff erent meanings to diff erent people. Value confl icts can result from disagreements over the meaning of places (Kaltenborn et al. 1999). Th e diff ering meanings can result in the selection of diff erent community attributes to sustain. Consequently, determining limits to sense of place becomes more challenging. Numeric values can represent the relative strength of sense of place, but might fail to capture shifts in place meanings (Davenport and Anderson 2005). LAC assumes that defi nitions of the baseline condition and indicators remain constant. For example, a limit on wilderness camp areas may be associated with area (square meters) of exposed soil and vegetation loss; in this example, area as a unit measure, soil exposure, and vegetation have constant defi nitions and measurement methods. A wilderness management plan has specifi c criteria that are comparable to defi nitions and standards in other wilderness management plans. Results of interviews in the Hudson River Valley suggest that strength of sense of place and the defi nition underlying sense of place naturally change over time. Sense of place is not an indicator that fi ts cleanly within the framework of the LAC process because of its inherent variability. Despite their incompatibility with the LAC process, place meanings should not be avoided during tourism planning and development processes. Th ey provide a basis for consensus as residents share some place meanings; an understanding of place meanings is required to maintain a community’s authenticity and appeal to residents and visitors (Hester 1985, Harrill 2004, Manzo and Perkins 2006). 5.0 CONCLUSIONS Infl uences that alter places also alter place meanings; tourism development quantitatively and qualitatively alters places. Place meanings can be maintained, enhanced, or disrupted. Tourism planners should be cognizant of the following suggestions: 1) Sense of place naturally changes over time; the context that defi nes sense of place today may be diff erent in the future. 2) Any commoditization of sense of place and natural resource attributes has an impact on local community residents (Hovinen 2002, Andereck et al. 2005). 3) Th e most marketable aspects of a community may jeopardize the attributes that create sense of place for current residents; promoting values that Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 177
are not shared by current residents may result in confl ict. 4) Places in a community associated with highly valued place meanings may not be protected by legislation or regulation (Hester 1990). In conclusion, developers, planners, and residents should be aware of the impact of developments on residents in their home communities. Plans that undermine sense of place are likely to generate opposition. Working with community stakeholders to identify place meanings, as Hester (1985) did in Manteo, North Carolina, provides an opportunity for consensus building. Although residents are not homogenous and their place meanings may at times be in confl ict, they share bonds with the same place. Residents of the HRV perceived outside infl uences to have had more impact on sense of place than infl uences within their communities. Th eir comments indicated that community planning has played a limited role in infl uencing sense of place. 6.0 CITATIONS Ahn, B.; Lee, B.; Shafer, C.S. 2002. Operationalizing sustainability in regional tourism planning: an application of the limits of acceptable change framework. Tourism Management. 23(1): 1-15. Andereck, K.L.; Valentine, K.M.; Knopf, R.C.; Vogt, C.A. 2005. Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research. 32(4): 1056-1076. Banks, S.K. 2003. Tourism-related impacts as perceived by three resident typology groups in San Pedro, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D., North Carolina State University, United States - North Carolina. Bogdan, R.C.; Biklen, S.K. 2007. Qualitative Research for Education: An introduction to theories and methods (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Education, Inc. Brown, B.; Perkins, D.D.; Brown, G. 2004. Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 23: 259-271. Cole, S. 2006. Information and empowerment: Th e keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 14(6): 629-644. Davenport, M.A.; Anderson, D.H. 2005. Getting from sense of place to place-based management: An interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Society and Natural Resources. 18(7): 625-641. Harrill, R. 2004. Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Development: a Literature Review with Implications for Tourism Planning. Journal of Planning Literature. 18(3): 251-266. Hart, M. 1999. Guide to Sustainable Community Indicators (2 ed.). North Andover, MA: Hart Environmental Data. Hester, R.T. 1985. Landstyles and lifescapes: Twelve steps to community development. Landscape Architecture. Jan./Feb.: 78-85. Hester, R.T. 1990. Th e sacred structure in small towns: A return to Manteo, North Carolina. Small Town. Jan./Feb.: 5-21. Hovinen, G.R. 2002. Revisiting the destination lifecycle model. Annals of Tourism Research. 29(1): 209-230. Ioannides, D. 2001. Sustainable development and the shifting attitudes of tourism stakeholders: Toward a dynamic framework. In: McCool, S.F.; Moisey, R.N., eds. Tourism, recreation, and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment. New York: CABI Publishing. Kaltenborn, B.P.; Riese, H.; Hundeide, M. 1999. National park planning and local participation: Some refl ections from a mountain region Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 178
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
Page 133 and 134: Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
Page 135 and 136: Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
Page 137 and 138: Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Page 149 and 150: Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
Page 151 and 152: NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
Page 153 and 154: neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
Page 155 and 156: Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
Page 157 and 158: Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
Page 159 and 160: William Valliere University of Verm
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Page 163 and 164: Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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Page 167 and 168: Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Page 171 and 172: TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
Page 173 and 174: the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Page 179 and 180: PLACE MEANINGS
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Page 221 and 222: RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Page 227 and 228: Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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