Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Table 2.—Diver distribution and perceived crowding by zone Lower Keys Middle Keys Upper Keys Overall Percentage of nonresident divers 23.9% 16.5% 59.6% 100% Perceived crowding level* 3.1 2.9 3.5 3.2 * On a scale of 1 to 9, with 9 being the most crowded. Table 3.—Mean satisfaction scores with resource condition by zone (all divers) Lower Keys Middle Keys Upper Keys P-Value Healthy reef 3.09 3.38 3.64 0.000 Easy diving 3.37 3.68 3.82 0.000 Undamaged reef 3.03 3.26 3.51 0.000 Marine life 3.47 3.64 3.91 0.000 Large fi sh 3.12 3.13 3.53 0.000 Live coral 3.28 3.51 3.73 0.000 Visibility 3.28 3.51 3.73 0.000 Unique underwater formations 3.21 3.31 3.56 0.000 Means shaded the same color are not signifi cantly different (α = 0.1) using Tukey’s test. Scores were on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 = extremely negative and 5 = extremely positive. the items that can be linked to resource condition; these particular fi ndings are presented to highlight diff erences that may explain the obvious geographic preference for the Upper Keys noted in Table 2. Results were then cross-examined by the specialization level categories discussed above. Diver distribution was determined by geographic subdivision and by specialization level. In general, more highly specialized divers are both more resource-dependent and more likely to conform to regulations (specialization proposition numbers 6 and 4; Ditton and Loomis 1992). Th erefore, the most highly specialized divers are generally used as the management benchmark. With this in mind, satisfaction with resource condition was then recalculated for just the most highly specialized divers (Table 4). 4.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Th e data show that divers in diff erent specialization groups tend to favor diff erent geographic regions of the Keys (Chi-square p = 0.000, N = 875). Further investigation shows that the Upper Keys are the most crowded, in terms of both perceived crowding and actual use levels. However, when data from all locations were taken together, there were no signifi cant diff erences with regard to crowding among divers in diff erent specialization levels. In other words, the most specialized divers are not more likely to perceive crowding even though they are more likely to dive in places with higher use levels. Th is fi nding suggests that use levels in the Keys are generally not high enough for crowding to aff ect divers’ satisfaction with the diving experience, even at the locations with the highest use levels. For recreation managers, the implication is that social carrying capacity of a location or area should not be the sole driver of management decisions. Although FRRP has explored alternate factors such as behavioral norms and access, ever-changing social conditions such as the economic downturn have created a need for further investigation. Signifi cant diff erences exist between both perceived and actual resource quality throughout the Keys, as shown in both this study and a separate biophysical investigation by Waddell and Clarke (2008). Th e Upper Keys attracted the most highly qualifi ed divers and received the best satisfaction ratings among nonresident divers in this study. Signifi cant diff erences were reported when comparing the Lower and Middle Keys condition with that of the Upper Keys on seven of the eight attributes. Although these diff erences were less signifi cant when Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 21
Table 4.—Most-specialized divers’ satisfaction with resource condition Lower keys Middle keys Upper keys P-Value Healthy reef 2.97 3.40 3.57 1.014 Easy diving 3.84 3.89 3.93 0.860 Undamaged reef 2.90 3.23 3.36 0.096 Marine life 3.58 3.69 3.87 0.167 Large fi sh 3.19 3.06 3.46 0.116 Live coral 3.29 3.54 3.67 0.144 Visibility 3.39 3.34 3.73 0.055 Unique underwater formations 3.36 3.34 3.53 0.482 Means shaded the same color are not signifi cantly different (α = 0.1) using Tukey’s test. Scores were on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 = extremely negative and 5 = extremely positive. analyzing the results of just the most specialized divers, it does suggest that the Lower Keys may be falling victim to the ‘loved to death’ phenomenon. Th is study highlights the need to look more closely at recreational users’ values regarding acceptable ecological conditions. Th is focus may allow managers to determine whether, and where, high recreational use levels can be concentrated to conserve natural resources at other sites. Managers also need to know in advance whether recreationists would be willing to support such measures, and they need to understand what is important and acceptable to diff erent user groups to reduce the possibility of major confl icts over use. 5.0 CITATIONS Dillman, D. 1978. Mail and telephone surveys: the total design method. New York : John Wiley and Sons. Dillman, D.; Smyth, J.; Christian, L. 2009. Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Ditton, R.B.; Loomis, D.K. 1992. Recreation specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective. Journal of Leisure Research. 24(1): 33. Loomis, D.K.; Anderson, L.E.; Hawkins, C. Paterson, S. 2008a. Understanding coral reef use: Recreational fi shing in the Florida Keys by residents and non-residents during 2006-2007. Th e Nature Conservancy, Florida Reef Resilience Program. 143 p. Loomis, D.K.; Anderson, L.E.; Hawkins, C.; Paterson, S. 2008b. Understanding coral reef use: SCUBA diving in the Florida Keys by residents and non-residents during 2006-2007. Th e Nature Conservancy, Florida Reef Resilience Program. 139 p. Loomis, D.K.; Anderson, L.E.; Hawkins, C.; Paterson, S. 2008c. Understanding coral reef use: Snorkeling in the Florida Keys by residents and non-residents during 2006- 2007. Th e Nature Conservancy, Florida Reef Resilience Program. 135 p. Manfredo, M.J.; Teel, T.L.; Henry, K.L. 2009. Linking society and environment: A multilevel model of shifting wildlife value orientations in the western United States. Social Science Quarterly. 90(2): 407- 427. Mascia, M.B. 2003. Th e human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: recent social science research and its policy implications. Conservation Biology. 17(2): 630. Salz, R.J.; Loomis, D.K.; Finn, K.L. 2001. Development and validation of a specialization index and testing of specialization theory. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 6(4): 239-258. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 22
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
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Page 13 and 14: amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
Page 15 and 16: Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
Page 17 and 18: THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.—Special places surveys L
Page 21 and 22: For some people, being in their spe
Page 23 and 24: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
Page 25 and 26: large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
Page 27: Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
Page 31 and 32: Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
Page 33 and 34: 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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Page 39 and 40: A qualitative research design was u
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Page 43 and 44: WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
Page 45 and 46: school. Because of the large sample
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Page 51 and 52: Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
Page 53 and 54: children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
Page 55 and 56: Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
Page 57 and 58: Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
Page 59 and 60: did some fi shing himself at each s
Page 61 and 62: On the other hand, some personal kn
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Page 65 and 66: Consumer behavior researchers have
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Page 69 and 70: y respondents indicated that these
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Page 73 and 74: HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Page 77 and 78: Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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