Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Table 1.—Normative standards for Muir Woods National Monument survey N Photo (PPV) number (mean) pedestrian walkways. Research participants fi rst viewed a set of computer-edited study photographs that illustrated a range of persons-per-viewscape (PPV) on the park’s primary walkway. Respondents were then asked to rate the acceptability of the photographs based on the number of visitors shown and to select the photographs that best represented other evaluative dimensions of preference, management action, and displacement (Park Studies Laboratory 2006). Specifi cally, respondents were asked to indicate how many PPV correspond with an ideal experience, how many PPV should be allowed before management actions are taken to regulate the number of users allowed on the walkway at one time, and at which point visitors would stop using the walkway based on an unacceptable number of PPV. Finally, respondents were asked to select the photograph that best represented the level of use during their visit. Th e results of the survey are in Table 1. 7.0 RESULTS Th e results of this study provide pragmatic information for administrative decisionmaking. Furthermore, they can be presented in terms of both recreation and transportation frameworks. Table 1 illustrates PPV in terms of LOS. For each dimension, the mean number of PPV was divided into pedestrians per meter squared based upon the length of the boardwalk and number of users shown in the photographs. Th is calculation demonstrates the numerical pedestrian LOS that is also represented in terms of the letter-based categorical LOS. Th e same results are illustrated with a social norm curve in Figure 2. Overlaying an LOS framework creates a Composite Level of Service that incorporates acceptable levels of Equivalent Level of Service (ped/m 2 ) Level of Service category Acceptability 123-124 18.3 3.06 C Preference 116 11.3 4.96 B Displacement 101 39.4 1.42 D Management action 101 23.6 2.37 C Typically seen 115 13.6 4.12 B change in regards to visitor experience (Fig. 3). Th e data demonstrate that eight PPV is a highly acceptable condition. In terms of traditional transportation planning, this condition equates to high-fl ow and congestion-free traffi c or LOS A. At the opposite end of the spectrum, 51 PPV on the boardwalk equates to LOS E, or an unacceptable impact upon visitor experience. Ultimately, managers may wish to accommodate between 12 and 19 PPV on the boardwalk as that range coincides with the neutral point of acceptability on the norm curve. Th is strategy can help avoid displacement of visitors from public lands and help maintain a visitor experience of acceptable quality. 8.0 CONCLUSION For nearly 30 years, the NPS and DOT have worked cooperatively toward a sustainable framework for transportation systems within and surrounding parks and protected areas. Recently CMS and multi-modal planning regimes have emerged and been promoted through legislation and regulation. As a pragmatic means of measuring, monitoring, and ultimately managing transportation systems, the DOT and NPS may use this planning framework, integrating VERP and LOS, to satisfy the missions of both agencies. Of course, this paper explores only pedestrian walkways. Legislative intent and the CFR strongly emphasize multimodal transportation systems as a solution to congestion in national parks. Further research could investigate appropriate LOS measures for bicycle/pedestrian pathways, mass transit, ferries, and intermodal facilities, as well as roadways within and surrounding parks and protected areas. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 161
Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 8 12 19 31 51 People-Per-Viewscape Figure 2.—Social norm curve of persons-per-viewscape (PPV) in the walkway study at Muir Woods National Monument. Figure 3.—Social norm curve from Figure 2 with LOS category overlays. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 162
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Page 119 and 120: EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
Page 121 and 122: trails, and asking others to stay o
Page 123 and 124: time/fi nances” in dune protectio
Page 125 and 126: In summary, this study explored the
Page 127 and 128: Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
Page 129 and 130: Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
Page 131 and 132: Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
Page 133 and 134: Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
Page 135 and 136: Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
Page 137 and 138: Table 1.—Demographic and particip
Page 139 and 140: Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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Page 145 and 146: Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
Page 147 and 148: sharing the place with others and a
Page 149 and 150: Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
Page 151 and 152: NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
Page 153 and 154: neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
Page 155 and 156: Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
Page 157 and 158: Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
Page 159 and 160: William Valliere University of Verm
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Page 163 and 164: Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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Page 167: Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
Page 171 and 172: TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
Page 173 and 174: the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
Page 175 and 176: Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
Page 177 and 178: Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
Page 179 and 180: PLACE MEANINGS
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Page 191 and 192: Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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Page 203 and 204: Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
Page 205 and 206: OUTDOOR RECREATION II
Page 207 and 208: Th e primary objective of the propo
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Page 211 and 212: Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
Page 213 and 214: Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
Page 215 and 216: Table 2.—Estimated national park
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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