Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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motorized trails, 4 percent of non-motorized trails, and 6 percent of non-mechanized trails (Table 5). Installation of bridges and culverts on trails is recommended to minimize degradation of water quality (Hammitt and Cole 1998). On motorized trails, 85 percent of stream crossings in our study had bridges or culverts (Table 5), but 53 percent of crossings with bridges or culverts still had sediment input to stream channels. On non-motorized trails, 30 percent of bridges and culverts had sediment additions, as did 48 percent of improved crossings on non-mechanized trails. Proper planning, installation, and maintenance of crossing structures are critical to minimizing sediment inputs and protecting water quality (Maine Forest Service 2004). A study of unpaved forest roads found that crossing structures installed without proper best management practices resulted in sediment input to the streams 44 percent of the time (Maine Forest Service 2006). 4.0 CONCLUSIONS All trail types (motorized, non-motorized, and nonmechanized) contribute sediment to streams and degrade stream quality. Th e prevalence of sediment inputs from trails to streams should be a concern for recreation managers because of the direct implications for water quality and aquatic biodiversity (Allan 1995). Despite the ecological and societal importance of maintaining clean water (Postel and Carpenter 1997), we could fi nd few other studies examining sediment inputs from trails to water bodies (Rinella and Bogon 2003). Evaluating stream crossings during trail assessments, as well as establishing guidelines and best management practices for installation, maintenance, and repair of crossing structures, would help ensure that recreation trails are not degrading water quality. Overall, we found that motorized trails had greater soil disturbance and more frequent ruts and erosion than did non-motorized and non-mechanized trails. Most motorized trails are located on roadbeds with a recent history of human impacts and are heavily managed (e.g., gravel additions and routine grading). Th e location and management regime of motorized trails may be both ecologically and socially appropriate. However, this study reports on trail conditions and compares conditions across trail types but cannot make value judgments regarding the acceptability of these types of impacts (Stankey 1979, Stankey and Manning 1986). As the motorized trail network expands, recreation managers and other stakeholders need discuss the amount and types of impacts that are acceptable for motorized trails. Establishing limits of acceptable change (Stankey et al. 1985, Cole and McCool 1997) will help ensure that trails are managed and designed to reduce environmental impacts and confl icts among user groups. 5.0 CITATIONS Allan, J.D. 2005. Stream Ecology: Structure and function of running waters. Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Bosworth, D. 2007. Four threats to the health of the nation’s forests and grasslands. Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service. Cole, D.N. 1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation: Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology. 32: 203-214. Cole, D.N.; McCool, S.F. 1997. Limits of Acceptable Change and natural resources planning: when is LAC useful and when is it not? In: McCool, S.F.; Cole, D.N., comps. Proceedings - Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning processes: progress and future directions; 1997 May 20-22; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-371. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 84 p. Conrad, R. 1997. National survey highlights agency training need in the United States. International Journal of Wilderness. 3(4): 9-12. Deluca, T.H.; Patterson, W.A.; Freimund, W.A.; Cole, D.N. 1998. Infl uence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western Montana, USA. Environmental Management. 22: 255-262. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 219
Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails manual: guidelines for recreation trail construction in Maine. Augusta, ME: Maine Department of Conservation, Bureau of Parks and Lands. Floyd, M.F.; Jang, H.; Noe, F.P. 1997. Th e relationship between environmental concern and acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors to two US National Park settings. Journal of Environmental Management. 51: 312-391. Hammitt, W.E.; Cole, D.N. 1998. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Hendee, J.C.; Stankey, G.H.; Lucas, R. 1990. Wilderness management (2nd ed.). Colorado: North American Press. International Mountain Bike Association. (2004). Trail solutions: IMBA’s guide to building sweet singletrack. Colorado: International Mountain Bike Association. Jensen, C.R.; Guthrie, S.P. 2006. Outdoor Recreation in America (6th ed.). Illinois: Human Kinetics. Jewell, M.C.; Hammitt, W.E. 2000. Assessing soil erosion on trails: A comparison of techniques. In: Cole, D.N.; McCool, S.F.; Borrie, W.T.; O’Loughlin, J., comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference—Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 133-140. Kuss, R.F.; Grafe, A.R. 1985. Eff ects of recreation trampling on natural area vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research. 17: 165-183. Leung, Y.-F.; Marion, J.L. 1996. Trail degradation as infl uenced by environmental factors: a stateof-knowledge review. Journal of Soil andWater Conservation. 51: 130-136. Leung, Y.F.; Marion, J.L. 2000. Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A state-of-knowledge review. In: Cole, D.N.; McCool, S.F.; Borrie, W.T.; O’Loughlin, J. comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference—Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23- 27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 23-48. Liddle, M.J. 1997. Recreation ecology: Th e ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism. London: Chapman & Hall. Maine ATV Task Force. 2003. ATV solutions: recommendations of Gov. John Baldacci’s ATV task force. Augusta, Maine: Offi ce of the Governor. Maine Forest Service. 2004. Best management practices for forestry: Protecting Maine’s water quality. Augusta, Maine: Department of Conservation, Maine Forest Service. Maine Forest Service. 2006. Maine forestry best management practices use and eff ectiveness, 2005. Augusta, Maine: Department of Conservation, Maine Forest Service. Manfredo, M.J.; Driver, B.L.; Brown, P.J. 1983. A test of concepts inherent in experience based management of outdoor recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research. 15: 263-283. Manning, R.; Jacobi, C.; Marion, J.L. 2006. Recreation monitoring at Acadia National Park. Th e George Wright Forum. 23(2): 59-72. Marion, J.L. 1994. An assessment of trail conditions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Research/ resources management report. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service, Southeast Region. Marion, J.L. 2007. Monitoring manual for formal trails Great Falls Parks. Unpublished fi eld manual. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 220
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Page 207 and 208: Th e primary objective of the propo
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Page 247 and 248: 5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
Page 249 and 250: Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Page 253 and 254: 6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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Page 261 and 262: 6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
Page 263 and 264: MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
Page 265 and 266: which suggests that diff erent type
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Page 271 and 272: LEISURE RESEARCH
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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