Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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7.0 CITATIONS Brown, David. 2008. Th e lowdown on the new Forest Service permitting directives. America Outdoors. Collins, S.; Brown, H. 2007. Th e growing challenge of managing outdoor recreation. Journal of Forestry. 105(7); 371-375. Fairfax, S.K.; Ingram, H.M. 1981. Th e United States experience. In: O’Riordan, T.; Sewell, W.R.D., eds. Project Appraisal and Policy Review. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 29-46. Harrison, J.; Miller, K.; McNeely, J. 1982. Th e world coverage of protected areas: Developmental goals and environmental needs. In: McNeely, J.; Miller, K.R., eds. National Parks, Conservation, and Development: Th e Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press: 24-33. Holdgate, M.W. 1984. Th e need for research on environmental impact assessment. In: Roberts, R.D.; Roberts, T.M., eds. Planning and Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall: 439-455. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 1984. In: McNeely, J.; Miller, K.R., eds. National Parks, conservation, and development: the role of protected areas in sustaining society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press: 47-53. Irland, L.C. 1979. Wilderness Economics and Policy. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company. Legore, S. 1984. Experience with environmental impact assessment procedures in the USA. In: Roberts, R.D.; Roberts, T.M., eds. Planning and Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall: 103-112. Manning, R.E.; Lawson, S.R. 2002. Carrying Capacity as “Informed Judgment”: Th e values of science and the science of values. Environmental Management. 30(2): 157-168. McNeely, J.A.; Th orsell, J.W. 1992. Guidelines: Development of National Parks and Protected Areas for Tourism. Madrid: Work Tourism Organization (WTO). O’Riordan, T.; Sewell, W.R.D. 1981. From project appraisal to policy review. In: O’Riordan, T.; Sewell, W.R.D., eds. Project Appraisal and Policy Review. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 1-28. Watson, A.E.; Cole, D.N.; Turner, D.L.; Reynolds, P.S. 2000. Wilderness Recreation Use Estimation: A Handbook of Methods and Systems. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-56. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 198 p. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 203
Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens University of Massachusetts at Amherst Michael A. Schuett Texas A & M University Walt Kuentzel University of Vermont CHANGES IN NATIONAL PARK VISITATION (2000-2008) AND INTEREST IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES (1993-2008) Th omas A. More U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station Abstract.—Th is paper addresses Pergams and Zaradic’s (2006) assertions that recent national park visitation has declined sharply and that these declines are directly related to the increased use of electronic media and passive forms of entertainment. We analyzed two large, national datasets that have used consistently replicated methods of annual data collection over a lengthy period. Although we found evidence of some decline in national park visitation between 2000 and 2008, the declines were not dramatic. Analysis of data between 1993 and 2008 showed no evidence of declining interest in travel, outdoor recreation, and media-related activities among people who are interested in wildlife and the environment. Th is research was funded in part by the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW Th e overall purpose of the present research is to test the assertions made by Pergams and Zaradic (2006) regarding national park visitation, interest in environmental issues, and participation in selected outdoor recreational activities. Pergams and Zaradic (2006) claim that the U.S. population and culture are moving away from “biophilia” into an era of “videophilia,” a growing interest in being entertained by passive media or video experiences instead of direct engagement with nature. Th ey attribute a decline in national park visitation in recent years to this increase in videophilia. Th ey claim that the decrease in the rate of visiting national parks is inversely correlated with increases in television viewing, video game playing, movie watching at home, theatre attendance, Internet use, oil prices, foreign travel, and extreme outdoor recreation, such as hiking the Appalachian Trail. Th e Pergams and Zaradic (2006) research has some basic methodological problems. First, the authors selected data from a variety of unrelated datasets and sources. In addition, their analysis assumes or asserts causation where there is only correlation between national park visitation numbers and trends in diff erent leisure and recreation activities. Th ey suggest that their fi ndings do not bode well for the future of biodiversity conservation, but their study period extended only until 2003 and included overall trend data only from 1988 to 2003. Many digital media activities did not become popular until the mid- to late-1990s and substantial long-term trend data are simply not available to analyze for long-term trends. In addition, Pergams and Zaradic lumped all households and participants into one large group and assumed that changes in leisure and recreation patterns were equally distributed across all demographic segments, household types, and regions of the country. Finally, they did not consider potentially useful data on youth participation in outdoor recreation from such sources as the Boy and Girl Scouts Programs, the National Camping Association, and the National Sporting Goods Association. Since the release of the article, other recreation researchers have given considerable attention to the fi ndings and many authors have criticized Pergams and Zaradic’s (2006) methodology and conclusions. Jacobs and Manfredo (2008) noted that Pergams and Zaradic measured participation in a few types of recreation but extrapolate to all forms of outdoor recreation. In addition, Jacobs and Manfredo (2008) refute Pergams and Zaradic’s claim that people’s support for biodiversity is likely to be connected to their participation in outdoor recreation. Th ey acknowledge that Pergams and Zaradic Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 204
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
Page 159 and 160: William Valliere University of Verm
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Page 163 and 164: Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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Page 167 and 168: Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Page 171 and 172: TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
Page 173 and 174: the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Page 179 and 180: PLACE MEANINGS
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Page 199 and 200: EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Page 203 and 204: Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
Page 205 and 206: OUTDOOR RECREATION II
Page 207 and 208: Th e primary objective of the propo
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Page 213 and 214: Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Page 221 and 222: RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Page 229 and 230: Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Page 237 and 238: Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
Page 239 and 240: Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
Page 241 and 242: Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
Page 243 and 244: Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
Page 245 and 246: Table 3.—Results of discriminant
Page 247 and 248: 5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
Page 249 and 250: Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
Page 251 and 252: Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
Page 253 and 254: 6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
Page 255 and 256: the economic impact of travel, and
Page 257 and 258: the air show. Th e second most popu
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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