Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Table 4.—Between-groups ANOVA to identify differences in motivations to walk in seven settings Motivation df F P Mean SD Be outdoors 7 1.49 .16 4.52 0.90 For health reasons 7 1.46 .17 4.41 1.07 Physical exercise or training 7 1.06 .38 4.25 1.12 Get away from the demands of life 7 1.89 .06 4.03 1.37 Experience nature 7 7.49 .00* 3.91 1.33 Near my home 7 2.34 .02* 3.77 1.44 Be with family 7 0.98 .44 3.59 1.58 Be with friends 7 2.47 .01* 3.28 1.52 View wildlife 7 4.69 .00* 3.17 1.44 See wildlife I have not seen before 7 5.35 .00* 2.97 1.59 Improve outdoor skills and abilities 7 1.06 .38 2.95 1.69 Have a challenging outdoor experience 7 2.50 .01* 2.80 1.54 Be alone *signifi cant at the .05 level 7 1.90 .06 2.62 1.66 Table 5.—Post-hoc analysis to identify specifi c differences in mean motivational scores across different types of settings, for the activity of walking; setting is the independent variable and motivation is the dependent Setting (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (Sub) (f) (g) (h) Coastal Inland Forest Grasslands Urban Desert Mountains Other Motivation to Walk waters freshwater park 1 Near my home 3.1eh 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.9ag 3.7 3.1eh 3.9ag 2 Experience nature* 4.4eh 4.3h 4.6eh 4.0 3.8ac 3.4 3.9 3.2abc 3 Get away from the demands of life 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.6h 3.6 4 See wildlife I have not seen before 3.5eh 3.4eh 3.4eh 3.6eh 2.7abcd 3.1 3.5h 2.5abcdg 5 Be with family 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.1 3.4 6 Be alone 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.2 2.6 7 Be with friends 3.6dh 3.4d 3.1 2.6abeg 3.3dh 2.5 3.6d 2.8ae 8 Be outdoors 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.3 9 For health reasons 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.5 10 Physical exercise or training 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 3.7 4.1 4.4 11 View wildlife 3.6eh 3.7eh 3.5eh 3.5eh 3.0abcd 3.7h 3.2 2.7abcdf 12 Improve outdoor skills and abilities 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.3 3.5 3.2 13 Have a challenging outdoor experience* 3.1f 3.1f 2.6f 3.0f 2.7f 1.3abcdegh 3.0f 3.0f *Tanhane’s T2 used due to unequal variances; LSD used for all other post-hoc analyses. For those motivation means that were signifi cantly different across settings, superscript letters identify the setting groups (columns) between which differences in mean motivation scores existed (rows). For example, the cell value “3.1eh “ indicates that the mean of 3.1 was signifi cantly different from the mean scores reported in the urban park (column e) and other (column h) setting categories. demands of life approached signifi cance at the p
forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.6, respectively) than when choosing (sub)urban park and other settings (3.8 and 3.2, respectively). For the motivation to see wildlife not seen before, the mean importance scores were signifi cantly lower when choosing to walk in (sub) urban park settings than when choosing several of the other settings. Th e same pattern was true for the general motivation to view wildlife (i.e., the motivation was more important when choosing to walk in coastal water, inland freshwater, forest, and grassland settings than when choosing to walk in [sub]urban park and other settings). Mean importance scores for the motivation to be with friends were signifi cantly higher when choosing to walk in mountain, costal water, inland freshwater, and (sub)urban park settings (means = 3.6, 3.6, 3.4, and 3.3, respectively) than when choosing to walk in grassland settings (mean = 2.6). Th ese results may indicate that the American population perceives walking in grasslands as a less social experience than walking in other outdoor settings. Finally, the mean importance scores for the motivation to have a challenging outdoor experience were signifi cantly lower when choosing to walk in a desert setting (mean = 1.3) than when choosing to walk in all of the other settings examined in this study. Th ese results suggest that the American population typically may not seek as challenging an outdoor experience when walking in desert settings than they would when walking in other outdoor environmental settings. 4.0 DISCUSSION Th e results of this study suggest that motivations can diff er in importance when choosing settings for specifi c recreation activities. Participants in three of the four activities examined in this study reported signifi cant diff erences regarding the importance of many motivations for choosing setting-activity combinations. As can be seen by examining the results in Tables 1 through 4, the motivations with the highest mean importance scores were similar across all study activities. Th at is, the motivations to be with family, to be outdoors, to get away from the demands of life, to experience nature, and for physical exercise or health reasons were all common among the top few most important motivations for choosing a setting for an activity. Th ese results are not surprising, as the most important motivations tended to be those that could be easily fulfi lled through participation in various activities within several diff erent outdoor settings (e.g., the motivation to be outdoors could easily be fulfi lled in any outdoor recreational setting). Mean importance scores of motivations that did diff er across settings tended to be those that were secondary to the abovementioned motivations of highest importance. However, researchers should use caution when interpreting these results. As Manning (1999) pointed out, people attempt to fulfi ll several motivations during their recreational pursuits and many general motivations seem to be almost universal to outdoor recreation activities and settings. Consequently, recreation professionals wishing to provide the public with recreational opportunities that will fulfi ll their motivations should not discount these secondary motivations. Rather, secondary motivations that diff er across settings might be most useful to managers wishing to align their services with the needs and preferences of the public. Several of the mean importance score diff erences for motivations were found between the (sub)urban park setting and many of the other, perhaps less-developed, settings. Th at is, a respondent might associate a (sub) urban park setting with a higher amount of development than other settings in this study, such as coastal and freshwater, mountain, desert, forest, and grassland settings. As many of the diff erences found in this study were between (sub)urban park settings and a variety of other study settings, the results may lend support for the setting operationalizations outlined in the ROS framework (i.e., managerial and social and physical setting descriptors). More research is needed to better understand the relationships among the four levels of recreational demand proposed by Driver and associates: activities, settings, motivations, and higher-order benefi ts. Analyses such as those reported in this study could be useful to managers wishing to examine the comparability or substitutability of various recreational settings with the idea of providing similar or diff erent types of recreational experiences. In general, the results of this study suggest that while the importance of some motivations for Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 262
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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Page 221 and 222: RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
Page 223 and 224: Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
Page 225 and 226: Table 5.—The percentage of stream
Page 227 and 228: Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
Page 229 and 230: Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
Page 231 and 232: Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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Page 235 and 236: Table 4.—The number of campers in
Page 237 and 238: Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
Page 239 and 240: Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
Page 241 and 242: Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
Page 243 and 244: Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
Page 245 and 246: Table 3.—Results of discriminant
Page 247 and 248: 5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
Page 249 and 250: Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
Page 251 and 252: Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
Page 253 and 254: 6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
Page 255 and 256: the economic impact of travel, and
Page 257 and 258: the air show. Th e second most popu
Page 259 and 260: not displace other local spending.
Page 261 and 262: 6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
Page 263 and 264: MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
Page 265 and 266: which suggests that diff erent type
Page 267: Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
Page 271 and 272: LEISURE RESEARCH
Page 273 and 274: communities together, and a decline
Page 275 and 276: Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
Page 277 and 278: onds within a social group is a mec
Page 279 and 280: “I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
Page 281 and 282: Th e importance of “getting away
Page 283 and 284: Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
Page 285: www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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