Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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A. Univariate “Bipolar Scale” approach: (C) Indifferent or Ambivalent? (B) Very Negative Extremely Negative B. Bivariate approach: Extremely Negative Not at all Negative (B) Very Negative (C) Indifferent Not at all Positive Neutral (D) Ambivalent (A) Very Positive Extremely Positive (A) Very Positive Extremely Positive Figure 1.—Univariate “Bipolar Scale” approach (A) and bivariate approach (B) for studying place attitudes. To overcome this shortcoming of the bipolar approach, attitude researchers have suggested that a bivariate approach should be used instead (Cacioppo et al. 1997). Specifi cally, Cacioppo and his colleagues have advanced a bivariate conceptualization of attitudes (known as the evaluative space model) that allows for positive and negative evaluations to exist independently. Under this approach, one measurement is used to assess degree of positivity toward the object involved, while another is used to assess degree of negativity. Similar to the traditional scale, those who score high on positivity and low on negativity would be classifi ed as being very positive (point A in Fig. 1B) and those high on negativity and low on positivity would be very negative (point B). Importantly, however, those scoring low on both would be classifi ed as indiff erent (point C), while those scoring high on both would be classifi ed as being ambivalent (point D), having a mixed or confl icting evaluation of the object. Th is bivariate approach thus allows one to diff erentiate between indiff erence and ambivalence in a way that the bipolar approach does not. A central thesis of this research is that people often express ambivalence or mixed feelings—simultaneous “like and dislike,” “love and hate,” “attraction and repulsion”—toward recreation places, especially those in urban areas. Such feelings were expressed informally to the research team during early research in the Calumet area of Chicago. Th us, a second contribution of this research is that it uses a bivariate approach to assess attitudes and to distinguish between indiff erence and possible attitudinal ambivalence toward urban recreation places. 3.0 STUDY OBJECTIVES Th e main objectives of this research were: (1) to examine residents’ past visitation behavior and recommendations of places to visit and to avoid for a range of Chicagoarea sites; and (2) to explore residents’ attitudes (and distinguish between indiff erence and potential attitudinal ambivalence) toward Chicago-area recreation places using a bivariate model of attitudes. To assess the full range of possible place attitudes, we compiled a list of places that included places we thought people would be attracted to, places people would avoid, and places that would be likely to evoke ambivalent attitudes. An additional aim of the survey was to assess public attitudes toward a new facility being developed on a specifi c brownfi eld site in the Calumet area of Chicago, the Ford Calumet Environmental Center (FCEC), which is located in the Hegewisch neighborhood. 4.0 METHODOLOGY We administered a mail survey to a sample of 3,000 Chicago-area residents drawn from three ZIP code areas, one near and two away from the FCEC site. Each area centered on one ZIP code and included households located in a 5-mile radius of the geographic center of that ZIP code. Th e proximate area (i.e., in close proximity to the Calumet area of Chicago) was centered in Hammond, IN (population within 5 miles of 213,656) and the two nonproximate areas were centered in Clearing, IL (population 433,726) and Lincolnwood, IL (population 532,464). Each of the three radii is within 30 miles of the FCEC site and is on or near the edge of the Chicago city boundary. Th us, the 5-mile radius of each target sample area includes residents of the City of Chicago and nearby suburban communities. Th e proximate area includes both Illinois and Indiana residents. In each of the ZIP code areas, Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 59
50 percent of the households were drawn at or above the median household income for that 5-mile radius and 50 percent below the median. After three mailings (initial copy of survey, postcard reminder, and second copy of survey), a 14-percent response rate was achieved, resulting in a fi nal n of 411 respondents. Although we were disappointed with the fi nal response rate, we feel the responses that were obtained provided useful information for this preliminary study. Th e self-administered survey consisted of seven sections: (1) measures of past activity behavior and interests; (2) ratings of awareness, visitation behavior, and recommendations to visit/avoid 22 specifi c places; (3) selection and rating of one place to “defi nitely visit”; (4) selection and rating of one place to “defi nitely avoid”; (5) ratings of intentions to visit/recommend the FCEC; (6) ratings of the Calumet area of Chicago; and (7) questions on basic demographic characteristics. Th e fi ndings reported in this analysis include data obtained from sections (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), and (7) of the survey. Th e 22 places examined in the survey were fi ve frequently visited downtown recreation sites (in yellow in Fig. 2), three sites in the near-west part of the city (in green), four sites south of the city (in red), four sites to the north of the city (in blue), three sites in the west suburbs (in light blue), and two “national” sites, the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (in purple) and the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie (in maroon). 5.0 RESULTS Th e 411 respondents tended to be male (55.2 percent), between the ages of 45 and 64 (43.8 percent), and white (79.3 percent), and to have household incomes between $55,000 and $99,999 (39.6 percent). 5.1 Place Visitation and Avoidance Behavior 5.1.1 Past place visitation behavior Th e fi rst study objective was to examine past visitation and recommendations of places to visit and places to avoid for the 22 Chicago-area sites included in the survey. Respondents were directed to “imagine that Illinois Beach State Park Chicago Botanic Garden Chicago Ctr for Green Tech Garfield Pk Conservatory Garfield Park Brookfield Zoo MMorton t Arboretum A b t Little Red School House William W. Powers SRA (Wolf Lake) Sand Ridge Nature Center Figure 2.—Location of Chicago-area places listed in the survey. friends of yours (friends that share many/most of your interests) just moved to the Chicago area. Imagine further that your friends developed a list of places in the Chicagoland area associated with outdoor recreation, nature and the environment that they were thinking about visiting. Your friends wanted to know the last time you visited each place; and whether you would recommend that they should visit or avoid each place.” Analysis of the past visitation responses for the combined sample indicated that the most popular study sites were Grant/Millennium Park (which 70.2 percent of respondents visited during the past year), Lincoln Park (visited by 46.8 percent), Lincoln Park Zoo (40.3 percent), Shedd Aquarium (33.1 percent), Chicago Botanic Garden (27.1 percent), Indiana Dunes Naational Lakeshore (26.5 percent), and the Brookfi eld Zoo (26.4 percent). Study sites that were visited the least frequently included the Dan Ryan Woods Forest Preserve (5.5 percent), the Chicago Center for Green Technology (3.5 percent), and the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie (visited by only 1 percent of respondents during the past year). Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 Bunker Hill Forest Preserve Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie North Park Village Nature Ctr Notebaert Nature Museum Lincoln Park Zoo Lincoln Park Conservatory Grant/Millennium Park Shedd S edd Aquarium qua u Dan Ryan Woods FP Hammond Env Ed Ctr Indiana Dune National Lakeshore 60
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
Page 15 and 16: Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
Page 17 and 18: THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.—Special places surveys L
Page 21 and 22: For some people, being in their spe
Page 23 and 24: CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
Page 25 and 26: large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
Page 27 and 28: Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
Page 31 and 32: Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
Page 33 and 34: 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
Page 37 and 38: YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
Page 39 and 40: A qualitative research design was u
Page 41 and 42: containers, instead of plastic bags
Page 43 and 44: WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
Page 45 and 46: school. Because of the large sample
Page 47 and 48: Table 8.—Observation of built str
Page 49 and 50: “I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
Page 51 and 52: Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
Page 53 and 54: children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
Page 55 and 56: Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
Page 57 and 58: Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
Page 59 and 60: did some fi shing himself at each s
Page 61 and 62: On the other hand, some personal kn
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Page 69 and 70: y respondents indicated that these
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Page 73 and 74: HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
Page 75 and 76: Short cruise season. Th e river fre
Page 77 and 78: Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
Page 79 and 80: 2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
Page 81 and 82: Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
Page 83 and 84: With all research, the research que
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Page 89 and 90: EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
Page 91 and 92: Table 1.—Comparison of experience
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
Page 95 and 96: HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
Page 97 and 98: 2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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Page 101 and 102: 4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
Page 103 and 104: LEISURE AND HEALTH
Page 105 and 106: Second, in a world where clean drin
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Page 109 and 110: Countries also need to be careful a
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Page 113 and 114: Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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