Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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aim is to sample the diversity and range of viewpoints expressed by the participants (Cross 2005). Th e proportion of individuals in a factor is not revealed in the factor analysis; yet, distinctive points of view in the form of statements that distinguish each factor are revealed. Th e composition of the particular individuals that make up the factor is rarely of direct interest because the same viewpoints could be obtained from other individuals; however, the ways in which the factors diff er are of keen interest (Brown 1980). As such, generalizations in Q do not refer to demographics, but to segments of subjective communicability (Brown 1980). Th e concourse of ideas is sampled representatively instead of using the more traditional means of random sampling theory related to the population of participants (Stephenson 1953). Th erefore, Q methodology seeks to capture and interpret communicated points of view that may be generalized back to the phenomenon being studied rather back to the population. Q methodology utilizes by-person factor analysis, instead of the traditional by-variable analysis, to identify groups of participants who factor comparable items together (Watts and Stenner 2005). “Nothing more complicated is at issue” (Watts and Stenner 2005, p. 68). 7.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION RESEARCH Q methodology was originally developed for use in psychology research. Since then, it has been used to study participants’ attitudes, viewpoints, or perceptions in studies on healthcare, business, marketing, political science, and environmental science, to name a few (Brown 1993). Q methodology has been used successfully but very infrequently in outdoor recreation research. Lindhagen and Hornsten (2000) used Q methodology to study how forest management techniques infl uenced preferences and changes in recreational use over a 20year period. Hirsh (1992) employed Q methodology to research Canadian university outdoor education programs. Christol (2002) explored diff erences in environmental educators’ beliefs in two countries. Ward (2008) used Q methodology to explore perceptions of risks and benefi ts associated with mountaineering. Rilling and Jordan (2007) looked at diff erent points of view toward leadership on extended outdoor trips. Lindley (2005) studied how participating in a wilderness experience program infl uenced students’ attitudes towards wilderness. Hutson and Montgomery (2006) conducted an inquiry using Q methodology to explore perceptions of outdoor recreation settings and ways of feeling close to natural environments. Finally, Wilson (2005) used Q methodology to study person-place engagements and user attachments to a recreational area in Oklahoma. 8.0 CONCLUSION Recreation researchers have increasingly used approaches that explore and value the subjectivity of recreation experiences (Stebbins 1997). Q methodology systematically and thoroughly integrates subjectivity into the research process and provides a “bridge” between qualitative and quantitative research (Cross 2005, Wilson 2005). By combining the strength of both quantitative and qualitative research, Q methodology can be a valuable tool for those who wish to study outdoor recreation experiences. 9.0 CITATIONS Brown, S.R. 1980. Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Brown, S.R. 1993. A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity. 16(3/4): 91-138. Brown, S.R. 1996. Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research. 6: 561-567. Brown, S.R. 1997. Th e history and principles of Q methodology in psychology and the social sciences. British Psychological Society symposium on “A Quest for a Science of Subjectivity: Th e Lifework of William Stephenson,” University of London; and conference on “A Celebration of Life and Work of William Stephenson (1902-1989),” University of Durham, England. Retrieved August 15, 2006, from http:// facstaff .uww.edu/cottlec/Qarchive/Bps.htm. Brown, S.R.; Ungs, T.D. 1970. Representativeness and the study of political behavior: An application of the Q technique to reactions to the Kent State incident. Social Science Quarterly. 51: 514-526. Christol, P. 2002. A Q methodological study of beliefs among environmental educators in two nations. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 79
Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University. PhD. dissertation. Cross, R.M. 2005. Exploring attitudes: Th e case for Q methodology. Health Education Research. 20(2): 206-213. Dennis, K.E. 1992-1993. Looking at reliability and validity through Q-colored glasses. Operant Subjectivity. 16: 37-44. Durning, D.W.; Brown, S.R. 2007. Q methodology and decision making. In Göktug Morçöl, ed. Handbook of decision making. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (Taylor and Francis): 537-563. Fairweather, J.R. 1981. Reliability and validity of Q method results: Some empirical evidence. Operant Subjectivity. 5: 2-16. Hirsch, J.E. 1992. Conceptions of outdoor education that underlie outdoor education courses at English speaking Canadian universities. (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, A 54/06, 2089. Hutson, G.; Montgomery, D. 2006. How do outdoor leaders feel connected to nature places? A Q-Method inquiry. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education. 10(2): 29-39. Karim, K. 2001. Q methodology—advantages and the disadvantages of this research method. Journal of Community Nursing. 15(4): 8-10. Lindhagen, A.; Hornsten, L. 2000. Forest recreation in 1977 and 1997 in Sweden: Changes in public preferences and behavior. Forestry: the Journal of the Society of Foresters of Great Britain. 73: 143-153. Lindley, B.R. 2005. Th e infl uence of a wilderness experience program on students’ attitudes towards wilderness. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, A 66/03, p. 1159. Moore, R.L.; Driver, B.L. 2005. Introduction to outdoor recreation: Providing and managing natural resource based opportunities. State College, PA: Venture. McKeown, B.F.; Th omas, D.D. 1988. Q methodology: Quantitative application in the social sciences series (Vol. 66). Newbery Park, CA: Sage. Rilling, C.; Jordan, D. 2007. Important co-leader skills and traits on extended outdoor trips as perceived by leaders. Leisure Studies. 26: 193-212. Robbins, P. 2005. Q methodology. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement. 3: 209-215, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Stebbins, R.A. 1997. Exploratory research as an antidote to theoretical stagnation in leisure studies. Loisir et Societe/Society and Liesure. 20(2): 421-434. Stephenson, W. 1953. Th e study of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Stephenson, W. 1993/1994. Introduction to Q-methodology. Operant Subjectivity. 17(1/2): 1-13. Van Exel, N.J.A.; de Graaf, G. 2005. Q methodology: A sneak preview. . Ward, W.C. 2008. Perceptions of risks and benefi ts of an outdoor adventure experience. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. Ph.D. dissertation. Watts, S.; Stenner, P. 2005. Doing Q methodology: Th eory, method, and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2: 67-91. Wilson, I.B. 2005. Person-place engagement among recreation visitors: A Q-method inquiry. (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University). Dissertation Abstracts International, B 66/02, 788. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 80
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
Page 37 and 38: YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
Page 39 and 40: A qualitative research design was u
Page 41 and 42: containers, instead of plastic bags
Page 43 and 44: WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
Page 45 and 46: school. Because of the large sample
Page 47 and 48: Table 8.—Observation of built str
Page 49 and 50: “I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
Page 51 and 52: Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
Page 53 and 54: children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
Page 55 and 56: Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
Page 57 and 58: Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
Page 59 and 60: did some fi shing himself at each s
Page 61 and 62: On the other hand, some personal kn
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Page 65 and 66: Consumer behavior researchers have
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Page 69 and 70: y respondents indicated that these
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Page 73 and 74: HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
Page 75 and 76: Short cruise season. Th e river fre
Page 77 and 78: Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
Page 79 and 80: 2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
Page 81 and 82: Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
Page 83 and 84: With all research, the research que
Page 85: comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
Page 89 and 90: EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
Page 91 and 92: Table 1.—Comparison of experience
Page 93 and 94: 5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
Page 95 and 96: HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
Page 97 and 98: 2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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Page 101 and 102: 4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
Page 103 and 104: LEISURE AND HEALTH
Page 105 and 106: Second, in a world where clean drin
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Page 113 and 114: Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
Page 115 and 116: do something and we might think it
Page 117 and 118: Th ese relational interactions enab
Page 119 and 120: EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
Page 121 and 122: trails, and asking others to stay o
Page 123 and 124: time/fi nances” in dune protectio
Page 125 and 126: In summary, this study explored the
Page 127 and 128: Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
Page 129 and 130: Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
Page 131 and 132: Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Page 135 and 136: Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
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Table 4.—The number of campers in
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Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
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Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
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Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
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Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
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Table 3.—Results of discriminant
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5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
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Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
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6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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the economic impact of travel, and
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the air show. Th e second most popu
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not displace other local spending.
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6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
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MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
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which suggests that diff erent type
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Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
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forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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