Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Simmons Market Research Bureau. 1997. Study of media and markets—sports and leisure. New York, NY. Standard Rate and Data Service. 1993-2008. Lifestyle market analyst. Des Plaines, IL: SRDS—Equifax Marketing Services. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 213
RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE: A COMPARISON OF MOTORIZED, NON-MOTORIZED, AND NON-MECHANIZED TRAILS Ethel Wilkerson Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences Brunswick, ME ewilkerson@manomet.org Andrew Whitman Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences Abstract.—We sampled 112 trail segments in Maine and New Hampshire to assess the impact of motorized and non-motorized recreation on trail conditions and stream sedimentation. On each segment, we assessed physical trail conditions (width, cross-sectional area, occurrence of excessively muddy and rutted/eroded sections), presence of trash, and sedimentation at stream crossings. Motorized trails were signifi cantly wider and had signifi cantly greater cross-sectional area, more rutted sections, and more trash than both non-motorized and non-mechanized trails. Non-mechanized trails had the highest density of excessively muddy sections. All trail types (nonmechanized, non-motorized, and motorized) had sections that contributed sediment to streams and 9 percent of stream crossings had catastrophic sediment additions (signifi cantly altered stream morphology). Th e data also show signifi cant diff erences in physical parameters among trail types, but both past land use and current recreational use may contribute to these diff erences. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Public recreation is one of the four greatest threats to the health of U.S. forests (Bosworth 2007). In the Northeast, recreational uses on private and public forest lands are rapidly increasing, especially use of off -road vehicles (ORVs) (Maine ATV Task Force 2003, Jensen and Guthrie 2006). As the demand for recreation grows, managers must balance the need for high quality recreational experiences (Manfredo et al.1983) with protection of environmental values (Kuss and Grafe 1985, Hendee et al. 1990). Poorly managed recreation can have a large impact on soils (Leung and Marion 2000), water quality (Rinnella and Bogan 2003), biodiversity (Cole 1995), and wildlife (Marion and Leung 2001). Degradation of trails can also impact the quality and enjoyment of recreation experiences (Marion et al. 1993, Conrad 1997). A large majority of motorized trails in the Northeast are located on private land (Maine ATV Task Force 2003), and poor management of these trails may also jeopardize future recreational access to private land. Th e goal of this study was to assess the environmental impact of motorized and non-motorized recreation trails in northern New England. Only a limited number of studies have made cross-comparisons of recreational impacts among use categories (e.g., Whittaker 1978, Wilson and Seney 1994, Deluca et al. 1998, Olive and Marion 2009). Th is study provides baseline information about on-the-ground trail conditions. It can help managers understand the environmental impact of diff erent recreation types and identify specifi c management activities that can protect soils and water quality. 2.0 METHODS We sampled 112 trail segments totaling 335 km of recreation trails in Maine and New Hampshire (Fig.1). Th ese trails fell into three categories: 1) Motorized trails – trails primarily for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) or snowmobiling (n=55, 164 km); 2) Non-motorized trails – trails permitting hiking and mountain biking (n=26, 70 km); and 3) Non-mechanized trails – trails permitting hiking only (n=31, 101 km). We collected data along a trail segment either 2 km or 5 km in length. Th e beginning of each segment was a randomly selected distance from the start point, usually a trailhead or road crossing. We adjusted all continuous data by the length of the trail segment. At 11 random locations along each trail segment, we measured tread width, maximum tread depth, and cross-sectional area (CSA). Width was measured Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 214
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Page 171 and 172: TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
Page 173 and 174: the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
Page 175 and 176: Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
Page 177 and 178: Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
Page 179 and 180: PLACE MEANINGS
Page 181 and 182: Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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Page 185 and 186: are not shared by current residents
Page 187 and 188: Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
Page 189 and 190: Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
Page 191 and 192: Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
Page 193 and 194: land implies that planting vegetati
Page 195 and 196: Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
Page 197 and 198: a setting’s ability to facilitate
Page 199 and 200: EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
Page 201 and 202: Table 4.—Regression coefficients
Page 203 and 204: Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
Page 205 and 206: OUTDOOR RECREATION II
Page 207 and 208: Th e primary objective of the propo
Page 209 and 210: Question 10. Do you believe that SU
Page 211 and 212: Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
Page 213 and 214: Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
Page 215 and 216: Table 2.—Estimated national park
Page 217 and 218: For this section of the trend analy
Page 219: 5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
Page 223 and 224: Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
Page 225 and 226: Table 5.—The percentage of stream
Page 227 and 228: Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
Page 229 and 230: Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
Page 231 and 232: Chad P. Dawson, Professor State Uni
Page 233 and 234: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very diss
Page 235 and 236: Table 4.—The number of campers in
Page 237 and 238: Fuller, C.; Dawson, C. 1999. A comp
Page 239 and 240: Table 1.—Modal response rates Ini
Page 241 and 242: Smee, A.; Brennan, M. 2000. Electro
Page 243 and 244: Table 1.—Characteristics of parti
Page 245 and 246: Table 3.—Results of discriminant
Page 247 and 248: 5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
Page 249 and 250: Bernardita Silva Graduate Assistant
Page 251 and 252: Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
Page 253 and 254: 6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
Page 255 and 256: the economic impact of travel, and
Page 257 and 258: the air show. Th e second most popu
Page 259 and 260: not displace other local spending.
Page 261 and 262: 6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
Page 263 and 264: MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
Page 265 and 266: which suggests that diff erent type
Page 267 and 268: Table 2.—Between-groups ANOVA to
Page 269 and 270: forest settings (means = 4.4 and 4.
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LEISURE RESEARCH
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communities together, and a decline
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Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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onds within a social group is a mec
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“I JUST WANTED TO GET AWAY”: AN
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Th e importance of “getting away
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Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at P
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www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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