Proceedings of the 2009 northeastern recreation research symposium

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Previous Spring Break studies have focused mainly on spring breakers’ behavior, paying little attention to their motivations for going on Spring Break (Maticka- Tyndale et al. 1998, Smeaton et al. 1998). Nevertheless, almost 15 years ago, Josiam et al. (1994) found that the four primary travel motivations (push factors—see Crompton 1979) of spring breakers were: “to get away” (45 percent), “to visit family” (13 percent), “sun, surf, sand” (12 percent), and the “need to relax” (10 percent). More recent research, however, has almost unanimously equated spring breakers’ (extreme) behavior with their reasons for going on a Spring Break vacation (Russell 2004, Sönmez et al. 2006). As noted above, the prevalent opinion among researchers and the popular media is that college students go on Spring Break primarily to engage in binge drinking, drug-taking, and casual sex. Contrary to existing research (e.g., Gerlach 1989, Apostolopoulos et al. 2002), however, participants in this study did not go on Spring Break to engage in extreme types of behavior. Th us, the fi ndings of the present study challenge previously held assumptions about Spring Break, and lend support to Josiam et al.’s (1994) fi ndings. 4.0 LIMITATIONS Because this study used a convenience sample, the fi ndings apply to the participants in this study only, and further generalizations should be drawn with care. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that the purpose of qualitative research is not to obtain generalizable results, but rather to provide deeper levels of meaning and suitable context, which are impossible to obtain otherwise. Furthermore, use of qualitative methods allowed participants to express their perspectives in their words, without being limited by extraneous assumptions. 5.0 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Th e fi ndings of this study resonate with what is known about travel motivations in general (Cohen 1996) and the travel motivations of college students in particular (Kim et al. 2007). Most researchers concur that the desire to escape something, rather than going in search of something else, is at the root of travel and tourism (Krippendorf 1987). Th e present fi ndings corroborate that claim, and add to the framework of push-pull travel motives (Dann 1979), lending support to the work of previous scholars on Spring Break motivations (Klenosky 2002). Furthermore, due to the complexity of the travel decision-making process, one motivation may be dominant (e.g., “getting away”), but all other motives (e.g., friends and family, relaxation) must be considered as well; motivation is a multidimensional construct (Pyo et al. 1989). Finally, fi ndings from this study suggest that researchers and practitioners alike should adopt a more holistic and multidimensional perspective in the study of complex phenomena such as Spring Break, and to the study of travel motivations in general. 6.0 CITATIONS Apostolopoulos,Y.; Sönmez, S.; Yu, C. 2002. HIV-risk behaviours of American spring break vacationers: a case of situational disinhibition? International Journal of STD and AIDS. 13(11): 733-743. Bernard, H. 2002. Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Carr, N. 2002. Th e tourism-leisure behavioural continuum. Annals of Tourism Research. 29(4): 972- 986. Cohen, E. 1996. Th e phenomenology of tourist experiences. In: Apostolopoulos, Y.; Leivadi, S.; Yiannakis, A., eds. Th e sociology of tourism: Th eoretical and empirical investigations. London: Routledge: 90-112. Crawford, D.; Jackson, E.; Godbey, G. 1991. A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences. 13(4): 309-320. Creswell, J. 1998. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among fi ve traditions. Th ousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Crompton, J. 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research. 6(4): 408-424. Dann, G.M. 1981. Tourism motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research. 8(2): 187-219. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 275
Gerlach, J. 1989. Spring Break at Padre Island: A new kind of tourism. Focus. 39(1): 13-16, 29. Guest, G.; Bunce, A.; Johnson, L. 2006. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods. 18(1): 59-82. Josiam, B.; Clements, C.; Hobson, J. 1994. Youth travel in the USA: Understanding the spring break market. In: Seaton, A., ed. Tourism: Th e state of the art. Chichester, England: Wiley: 322-331. Josiam, B.; Hobson, J.; Dietrich, U.; Smeaton, G. 1998. An analysis of the sexual, alcohol and drug related behavioural patterns of students on spring break. Tourism Management. 19(6): 501-513. Josiam, B.; Smeaton, G.; Clements, C. 1999. Involvement: Travel motivation and destination selection. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 5(2): 167- 175. Kim, K.; Oh, I.; Jogaratnam, G. 2007. College student travel: A revised model of push motives. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 13(1): 73-85. Klenosky, D.B. 2002. Th e “pull” of tourism destinations: A means-end investigation. Journal of Travel Research. 40(4): 385-395. Krippendorf, J. 1987. Th e Holidaymakers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Maticka-Tyndale, E.; Herold, E.S. 1999. Condom use on spring-break vacation: Th e infl uence of intentions, prior use, and context. Journal of Applied Psychology. 29(5): 1010-1027. Maticka-Tyndale, E.; Herold, E.S. 1997. Th e scripting of sexual behaviour: Canadian university students on spring break in Florida. Th e Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 6(4): 317-327. Maticka-Tyndale, E.; Herold, E.S.; Mewhinney, D.M. 1998. Casual sex on spring break: Intentions and behaviors of Canadian students. Th e Journal of Sex Research. 35(3): 254-264. Mattila, A.; Apostolopoulos, Y.; Sönmez, S.; Yu, L.; Sasidharan, V. 2001. Th e impact of gender and religion on college students’ spring break behavior. Journal of Travel Research. 40: 193-200. Miles, M.; Huberman, A. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Th ousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Pyo, S.; Mihalik, B.; Uysal, M. 1989. Attraction attributes and motivations: A canonical correlation analysis. Annals of Tourism Research. 16(2): 277- 282. Ribeiro, N.F.; Yarnal, C.M. 2008. “It wasn’t my sole purpose for going down there”—An inquiry into the Spring Break experience and its relation to risky behaviors and alcohol consumption. Annals of Leisure Research. 11(3-4): 351-367. Russell, R. 2004. Spring Breaks. In: Cross, G., ed. Encyclopedia of Recreation and Leisure in America (Vol. 2). Detroit, MI: Th omson Gale: 303-305 Smeaton, G.; Josiam, B.; Dietrich, U. 1998. College students’ binge drinking at a beach-front destination during spring break. Journal of American College Health. 46(6): 247-254. Sönmez, S.; Apostolopoulos, Y.; Yu, C.; Yang, S.; Mattila, A.; Yu, L. 2006. Binge drinking and casual sex on Spring Break. Annals of Tourism Research. 33(4): 895-917. The content of this paper refl ects the views of the authors(s), who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium GTR-NRS-P-66 276
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United States Department of Agricul
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 NORTHEASTER
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OUTDOOR RECREATION—TRAILS Experie
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GIS APPLICATIONS AND RECREATION RES
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diff erent points along the spectru
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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amount of bare rock. Camel’s Hump
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Larson, M. 2004. A Passive Approach
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THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN EXPERIEN
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Table 1.—Special places surveys L
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For some people, being in their spe
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE PLANNIN
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large geographical area (Fig. 1). T
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Divers seen = 4.4 Figure 2.—Norm
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Table 4.—Most-specialized divers
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Sarah Young Human Dimensions of Mar
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th e FRR
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Table 4.—Divers’ perception of
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YOUTH AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
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A qualitative research design was u
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containers, instead of plastic bags
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WALK, RIDE AND LEARN: STUDENTS’ D
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school. Because of the large sample
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Table 8.—Observation of built str
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“I’M TOO OLD TO GO OUTSIDE!”
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Mean Eco-Affinity Score 5.0 4.5 4.0
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children. In: Klenosky, David B., F
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Cherie LeBlanc Fisher U.S Forest Se
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Table 1.—Comparative statistics f
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did some fi shing himself at each s
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On the other hand, some personal kn
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Illinois Department of Natural Reso
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Consumer behavior researchers have
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50 percent of the households were d
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y respondents indicated that these
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a bivariate approach (instead of th
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HERITAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUR
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Short cruise season. Th e river fre
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Lynda J. Sperazza, Ph.D. Recreation
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2.3 Leisure Participation Values Re
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Dychtwald, K. 1999. Age power: How
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With all research, the research que
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comprehensive. Cross (2005) even ar
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Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State Univ
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EXPERIENCE USE HISTORY AND ITS RELA
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Table 1.—Comparison of experience
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5.0 DISCUSSION As mentioned previou
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE
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2.0 METHODS Data were collected at
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0 buses 4 buses 8 buses 12 buses Fi
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4.0 DISCUSSION Visitor surveys and
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LEISURE AND HEALTH
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Second, in a world where clean drin
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Table 1.—Importance of different
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Countries also need to be careful a
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Proceedings of the 2009 Northeaster
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Table 1.—Informant profi les Info
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do something and we might think it
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Th ese relational interactions enab
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EXPLORING ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE S
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trails, and asking others to stay o
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time/fi nances” in dune protectio
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In summary, this study explored the
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Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University jju
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Table 1.—Sample demographics Indi
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Grayson 1995). Th e fi t of this mo
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Stets, J.E.; Burke, P.J. 2003. A so
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Jiaying Lu Texas A& M University Ji
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Table 1.—Demographic and particip
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Table 3.—Factor analysis of motiv
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species sought, satisfaction, and r
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social nature within sense of place
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Table 1.—Descriptions of key info
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sharing the place with others and a
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Manzo, L.C. 2005. For better or wor
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NORMATIVE TOLERANCES FOR SCUBA DIVE
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neutral point. Bubbles at the top o
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Table 1.—Snorkeler evaluations of
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Davis, D.; Tisdell, C. 1995. Recrea
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William Valliere University of Verm
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��
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Manning, R. 2007. Parks and carryin
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mission is “...to promote and reg
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Figure 1.—Pedestrian walkway LOS
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Acceptability 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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TOURISM TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
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the rankings of 12 attendance motiv
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Table 3.—Comparison of socio-econ
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Table 6.—Entertainment Seekers’
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PLACE MEANINGS
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Stedman (1999) posited that sense o
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points in a focus group session, Ne
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are not shared by current residents
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Ishwar Dhami Division of Forestry a
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Figure 2.—Model for the calculati
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Table 1.—Viewshed results for all
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land implies that planting vegetati
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Shafer, E.L.; Hamilton, J.F.; Schmi
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a setting’s ability to facilitate
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EUH Place Satisfaction Figure 1.—
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Table 4.—Regression coefficients
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Jőreskog, K.G.; Sőrbom, D. 2004.
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OUTDOOR RECREATION II
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Th e primary objective of the propo
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Question 10. Do you believe that SU
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Rodney B. Warnick Tom Stevens Unive
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Table 1.—Estimated visitation to
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Table 2.—Estimated national park
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For this section of the trend analy
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5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND IM
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RECREATION TRAILS IN MAINE AND NEW
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Table 2.—Average cross-sectional
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Table 5.—The percentage of stream
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Demrow, C.C. 2002. Maine trails man
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Turner, J.M. 2002. From woodcraft t
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Page 247 and 248: 5.0 CITATIONS Babbie, E. 2001. Th e
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Page 251 and 252: Table 1.—Expenditures by 2008 Ame
Page 253 and 254: 6.0 CITATIONS Della Bitta, A.; Lond
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Page 261 and 262: 6.0 CITATIONS Adams, P.D.; Parmente
Page 263 and 264: MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PARK, RECREAT
Page 265 and 266: which suggests that diff erent type
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Page 275 and 276: Table 2.—Life satisfaction scale
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Page 281: Th e importance of “getting away
Page 285: www.nrs.fs.fed.us The U.S. Departme
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