Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 39 April 6, 2001
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 39 April 6, 2001
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 39 April 6, 2001
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the 21 year period 1979-1999, for surface skin temperature <strong>and</strong> atmospheric temperature profile. There has been global warming<br />
near the surface which falls off rapidly with height. Trends will also be shown for values of MSU2R <strong>and</strong> MSU4 which are computed<br />
from the soundings. These will be compared to trends of MSU2R <strong>and</strong> MSU4 observed by Spencer <strong>and</strong> Christy. There is<br />
generally good agreement between Spencer <strong>and</strong> Christy MSU2R trends <strong>and</strong> those computed from the TOVS Pathfinder data set,<br />
with the largest differences over the tropics.<br />
Author<br />
Atmospheric Temperature; Temperature Profiles; Infrared Instruments; Trends<br />
<strong>2001</strong>0023263 Geological Survey, Columbia, SC USA<br />
Methodology for Applying Monitored Natural Attenuation to Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Ground-Water<br />
Systems with Examples from South Carolina<br />
2000; 56p; In English<br />
Report No.(s): PB<strong>2001</strong>-102641; USGS-WRI-00-4161; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Microfiche; A04, Hardcopy<br />
Natural attenuation processes such as dispersion, advection, <strong>and</strong> biodegradation serve to decrease concentrations of dissolved<br />
contaminants as they are transported in all ground-water systems. However, the efficiency of these natural attenuation processes<br />
<strong>and</strong> the degree to which they help attain remediation goals, varies considerably from site to site. This report provides a methodology<br />
for quantifying various natural attenuation mechanisms. This methodology incorporates information on: (1) concentrations<br />
of contaminants in space <strong>and</strong>/or time; (2) ambient reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions; (3) rates <strong>and</strong> directions of ground-water<br />
flow; (4) rates of contaminant biodegradation; <strong>and</strong> (5) demographic considerations, such as the presence of nearby receptor exposure<br />
points or property boundaries. This document outlines the hydrologic, geochemical, <strong>and</strong> biologic data needed to assess the<br />
efficiency of natural attenuation, provides a screening tool for making preliminary assessments, <strong>and</strong> provides examples of how<br />
to determine when natural attenuation can be a useful component of site remediation at leaking underground storage tank sites.<br />
Author<br />
Advection; Biodegradation; Contaminants; Attenuation<br />
<strong>2001</strong>0023268 Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality, Richmond, VA USA<br />
Department of Environmental Quality, Enforcement Manual<br />
Dec. 01, 1999; 168p; In English<br />
Report No.(s): PB<strong>2001</strong>-102347; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Microfiche; A08, Hardcopy<br />
This manual provides guidance to the staff of the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ or Department) for taking<br />
appropriate actions to enforce Virginia’s environmental statutes <strong>and</strong> regulations. The policy <strong>and</strong> procedures set forth below are<br />
designed to promote consistency throughout the Department <strong>and</strong> to guide the staff in undertaking timely, reasonable, appropriate,<br />
consistent, <strong>and</strong> fair enforcement actions.<br />
Derived from text<br />
Consistency; Environmental Quality; Policies; Regulations<br />
<strong>2001</strong>0023273 City of San Diego, Metropolitan Wastewater-Public Works, San Diego, CA USA<br />
Membrane Bioreactor for Water Reclamation, Phase 2<br />
Adham, Samer, City of San Diego, USA; Merlo, Rion P., City of San Diego, USA; Gagliardo, Paul, City of San Diego, USA;<br />
November 2000; 164p; In English<br />
Contract(s)/Grant(s): 98-FC-81-0031<br />
Report No.(s): PB<strong>2001</strong>-102724; DRDPR-60; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Microfiche; A08, Hardcopy<br />
Two submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs), manufactured by Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. <strong>and</strong> Mitsubishi Rayon<br />
Corporation, were evaluated at the Aqua 2000 Research Center in Escondido, California. The project was designed to evaluate<br />
the feasibility of using MBR permeate, treating municipal wastewater as a feed source, for thin-film composite reverse osmosis<br />
(RO) membranes applied for water reclamation. The first part of the project was dedicated to operating both MBRs in a nitrification<br />
<strong>and</strong> denitrification mode, <strong>and</strong> in the second part both MBR systems were retrofitted <strong>and</strong> operated in a nitrification-only mode.<br />
Both MBRs showed high biochemical oxygen dem<strong>and</strong> (BOD) <strong>and</strong> total <strong>and</strong> fecal coliforms removal with values below the detection<br />
limits. The effluent turbidities from the MBRs were consistently less than 0.1 NTU. Both MBRs produces high quality effluent<br />
that could be used by thin-film composite RO membranes with minimal fouling. Both MBRs were operated at reasonable cleaning<br />
intervals ranging between one <strong>and</strong> three months. A cost comparison was also performed which revealed that the MBR is a cost<br />
competitive alternative to producing reclaimed water suitable for use by an RO system at a 1 <strong>and</strong> 5 MGD capacity.<br />
Author<br />
Bioreactors; Membranes; Filtration; Evaluation<br />
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