Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 39 April 6, 2001

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and maintain particular devices. We have recently discovered two quick and valid methods of determining whether a person has a deep understanding of a mechanical or electronic device. One method involves question asking, the other eye movements. DTIC Mechanical Devices; Malfunctions; Maintenance; Tasks; Operator Performance 20010025302 Yale Univ., School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA Stress Induced Changes in Attention Final Report, 1 Sep. 1996-31 Aug. 1999 Davis, Michael; Dec. 12, 2000; 4p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-96-1-0301 Report No.(s): AD-A385861; AFRL-SR-BL-TR-01-0010; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche The purpose of the series of experiments carried in this ASSERT Award was to determine how dopamine agonists would affect the acoustic startle reflex. We found that dopamine agonists increase the acoustic startle reflex by acting at dopamine, D1 receptors in both the striatum and the substantia nigra zona reticula (SNr). The SNr projects via a GABAergic pathway to the deep layers of the superior colliculus which in turn projects to the acoustic startle pathway. Activation of dopamine receptors in the dorsal striatum and SNr leads to a release of GABA in the SNr which inhibits the GABA neurons that project to the deep layers of the superior colliculus. This produces a disinhibition of these neurons and a consequent increase in the acoustic startle reflex. The work is relevant to how dopamine acts on motor reflexes as well as the role of dopamine in attention. DTIC Stress (Physiology); Receptors (Physiology); Evoked Response (Psychophysiology) 246 54 MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT �� 20010021879 Institute for Human Factors TNO, Soesterberg, Netherlands Activity Report ColdSurf (EC Project SMT4-CT97-2149) Final Report den Hartog, E. A., Institute for Human Factors TNO, Netherlands; Daanen, H. A. M., Institute for Human Factors TNO, Netherlands; Dec. 20, 2000; 48p; In English; Original contains color illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): A98/KL/337; TNO Proj. 789.2 Report No.(s): TD-2000-0337; TNO-TM-00-A059; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity In the European ’ColdSurf’ research project (EU Project SMT4-CT97-2149) the limits of exposure to contact cooling have been explored in five different laboratories. From the combined experimental end theoretical efforts of all five partners it was aimed to derive safety limits to produce standards for touching and handling materials in the cold. In this activity report the experimental and modelling work performed at TNO Human Factors Is presented. The interpretation of the results, drawing conclusions and the derivation of safety limits are based on the combined work of all partners and will be presented in the final report of the research group to the European commission. This final report will also become available to the Defence Company of Clothing and Personal Equipment. Methods: The experimental work has been divided into two parts. The first part deals with the risk of short term, accidental, touching of cold materials. The cooling of the fingertip was studied in touch experiments. The fingertip was In contact with a 10cm x 10cm block and the temperature of the skin surface in contact with the block was measured with a thin thermocouple. Measurements were performed at three pressure levels and on four materials: wood, nylon, steel and aluminium. All materials were measured at 0, -10 and -15 C, the metals were also measured at -5 C. The second part deals with the gripping and handling of materials, and thus, with longer exposures. In the gripping experiments the subjects gripped aluminium bars with diameters of 20 mm, 40 mm and 80 mm for 30 minutes, at C and +5 C. In these experiments we aimed to find relations between hand cooling and finger dexterity. In most analyses the lower quartile of the responses was used to describe the data. Results: A main result from the experiments was that on the metals the akin cooled much faster than on nylon and wood. At -10 C and -15 C the lower quartiles of the time to reach a skin surface temperature of C were 5s and 4s for aluminium, 25s and 10 a for steel, 275s and 230s for nylon and is greater than 360s and 250s for wood. We found no significant differences between the different pressure levels. In the grip experiments it was found that the lowest temperature during the gripping of the bars was often found way before the end of the experiment, especially on the thickest bar. On the 20 mm bar the lowest temperature was on average found after 30 minutes. on the 40 mm bar after 24 minutes and on the 80 mm bar after 12 minutes, As the dexterity test was only performed at the beginning and the end of the test, the temperature differences were often much smaller than the maximum temperature differences. Modelling: Finally, it was impossible to perform experiments with all sorts of materials at a large temperature
ange, and for some combinations of materials and temperatures the risk of skin damage is too high. Therefore, a work package on modelling was Incorporated in the project, aimed at producing an analytical model of skin cooling. It was shown that the experimental data from the touch experiments could well be described by the analytical model, From this point the model may be developed further into use for setting safety limits for touching any cold material. Derived from text Cooling; Human Factors Engineering; Temperature Gradients; Surface Temperature; Safety 20010022470 Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA Gateway, Volume 10 Landis, Jeffrey A., Editor, Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, USA; Cochran, R. Anita, Editor, Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, USA; August 1999; 12p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): SPO700-98-D-4001 Report No.(s): AD-A385362; GWXI; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Microfiche; A03, Hardcopy This issue contains articles on the following subjects: 1. Using Biomechanics to Improve Warfighter Load-Carrying Capability; 2. The Case for Human Performance Representation in Computer-Generated Forces; 3. Cognitive Cockpit Systems: From Flight/Mission Management Towards Knowledge-based Cockpit Assistant Systems; 4. Command and Control: Human Performance Modeling. DTIC Knowledge Based Systems; Biodynamics; Human Factors Engineering; Military Technology 20010022793 Institute for Human Factors TNO, Soesterberg, Netherlands Stereo Acuity and Visual Acuity in Head Mounted Displays Final Report Padmos, P., Institute for Human Factors TNO, Netherlands; Kooi, F. L., Institute for Human Factors TNO, Netherlands; Bijl, P., Institute for Human Factors TNO, Netherlands; Nov. 22, 2000; 22p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): B98-053; TNO Proj. 790.3 Report No.(s): TD-2000-0333; TM-00-B011; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity What is for Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs) the stereo acuity (i.e. the inverse of the binocular disparity threshold) and the visual acuity, and what is the relation between these two quantities and the HMDs spatial (horizontal) resolution? Method. In three types of HMD, with spatial resolutions ranging from 11 to 30 pixels/degree, we determined psychophysically the stereo acuity and the visual acuity. The images were provided through a digital image generator. Subjects were also interviewed about the wearing comfort of each HMD. Conclusions. The ratio between stereo acuity and visual acuity is 4.5, independent of the HMD tested. The ratio of stereo acuity (in arcmin-1) to horizontal display resolution (in pixels/arcmin) is 6.3 pix(exp -1), not differing among the three HMDs studied. This means that binocular disparities of about 1/6 of the pixel horizontal size may lead to depth discrimination. The HMD with the highest resolution provides a depth resolution of 1.5 cm at a distance of 3 m, which is about the same as the unaided depth resolution for our subjects. For the other two HMDs studied the depth resolution at 3 m distance is 3.6 and 2.7 cm. This implies that these HMDs are in principle well suited for tasks that require stereo vision. The ratio of visual acuity to display resolution varies from 1.1 to 1.6 (mean 1.4) pix(exp -1) across the HMDs studied. This means that details of about of 0.7 times the size of one pixel may be resolved. The HMD with the highest resolution provides the best visual acuity, i.e. 0.50 arcmin(exp -1), which is still four times lower than the unaided visual acuity of our subjects (2.0 arcmin(exp -1)) This implies a limit to the use of these HMDs for tasks with small critical details. The wearing comfort was rated highest for the Sony. This was due to the excellent image and the very light (although a little too shaky) head fixation. Lower comfort ratings of the other two HMDs were related to high mass, tight head fixation, or uncomfortable optics. Author Helmet Mounted Displays; Stereoscopic Vision; Visual Acuity; Binocular Vision 20010022808 Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC USA Sleep Deprivation Countermeasures for Motorist Safety Final Report Stutts, J. C, Transportation Research Board, USA; 2000; 104p; In English Report No.(s): PB2001-102764; TRB/NCHRP/SYN-287; Copyright; Avail: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) This synthesis report will be of interest to highway and other transportation safety specialists and researchers. Considerable attention has been directed at the role of driver sleepiness and fatigue in commercial vehicle crashes; however, 96% of sleep-related crashes do not involve commercial vehicles. This report focuses on the current state of the practice for countermeasures to reduce drowsy driving and the crashes that result from drowsy driving among the general driving public. These countermeasures are presented within the following catagories: (1) public education and awareness; (2) new technologies; and (3) roadway (i.e., 247
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Scientific and Technical Aerospace
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Introduction Scientific and Technic
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Subject Divisions Table of Contents
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Subject Categories of the Division
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73 Nuclear Physics 263 Includes nuc
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Document Availability Information T
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Avail: NASA Public Document Rooms.
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Hardcopy & Microfiche Prices Code N
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ALABAMA AUBURN UNIV. AT MONTGOMERY
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03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
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work of the JAA had established thi
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20010024868 Federal Aviation Admini
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20010023437 Defence Science and Tec
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The Models for Aeroelastic Validati
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20010025824 Pratt and Whitney Aircr
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20010023064 NASA Langley Research C
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17 SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT
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20010026207 NASA, Washington, DC US
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The objective of the proposed resea
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20010022640 Stanford Univ., Center
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ustion, showing that these can have
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20010026184 Oak Ridge National Lab.
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film. Subsequent electroless metal
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20010024029 Houston Univ., Dept. of
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equipment indicate a change in the
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interaction, the main gas products
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Contract(s)/Grant(s): W-7405-eng-48
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for detecting and measuring deviato
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work, additional significant effect
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20010026182 Oak Ridge National Lab.
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20010024162 Army Research Lab., Ade
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matching funds. MIRSL purchased an
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20010023557 North Dakota State Univ
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20010026217 Princeton Univ., NJ USA
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20010024108 Center for Naval Analys
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undertaken to isolated it are descr
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non-buoyant axisymmetric jet issuin
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point. The other turbulent problem
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20010024042 Houston Univ., Dept. of
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The research carried out in the Hea
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along the heater surface and depart
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cal transducers. Additionally, the
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tial for its successful commercial
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This project represents a combined
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20010024910 Johns Hopkins Univ., De
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e caused by a non-uniform temperatu
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metric shear cell, employed upon th
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20010024919 Alabama Univ., Huntsvil
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Newtonian fluids in the laboratory,
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Boussinesq convection where due to
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20010024930 Creare, Inc., Hanover,
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Illumination of a space-borne objec
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The hydrodynamics near steadily mov
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to be done is the full coupled syst
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liquid crystal host. Since the ulti
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the inorganic synthesis using press
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when the buoyancy is removed, for e
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20010024956 NASA Ames Research Cent
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2.2-second drop tower at NASA Glenn
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we have examined the dynamical beha
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position of the interface. An oscil
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the first time, non-intrusive, high
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’axial curvature pressure’. A t
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moons when disturbed by low velocit
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particle size was studied. In a den
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colliding drops. The viscous resist
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20010024983 Notre Dame Univ., Physi
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20010024986 TDA Research, Inc., Whe
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drop deposition, using Schiaffino a
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and extended to reduced gravity flo
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from an isolated bubble regime to a
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20010025000 Case Western Reserve Un
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our experimental measurements and w
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sured using a hot film probe flush
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the stationary bubble entrains anot
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we have collaborated on 3D experime
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of the most attractive characterist
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apply either steady shear flow perp
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20010025024 NASA, Washington, DC US
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neously the gamma scattered method
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20010023125 Colorado Univ., Lab. fo
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Contract(s)/Grant(s): F19628-95-C-0
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ics Technology Letters; March 2000;
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The BOREAS RSS-1 team collected sur
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ically corrected; however, files of
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with wavelength bands specific to t
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20010022099 NASA Goddard Space Flig
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within the polygon). There are thre
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A03, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche Cana
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storms in Africa and smoke plumes f
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Greenland, with the objective of qu
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The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Stu
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The BOREAS TGB-8 team collected dat
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Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2000-209891/
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The BOREAS TF-10 team collected tow
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cally Active Radiation (FPAR) absor
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Page 221 and 222: 20010023558 Texas Univ., Center for
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Page 225 and 226: 20010023278 Lembaga Penerbangan dan
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Page 261 and 262: 20010021985 National Inst. of Healt
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Page 281 and 282: 65 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY �
Page 283 and 284: from the Lagrangian of the system.
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Page 289 and 290: to be 8.5-10.5 degrees which concur
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Page 293 and 294: 20010026247 Abdus Salam Internation
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Page 303 and 304: strates that as the gyroradius incr
Page 305 and 306: 20010023043 Jet Propulsion Lab., Ca
Page 307 and 308: climatic variations. This can only
Page 309 and 310: try), allowing the same samples, in
Page 311 and 312: This work will describe the Thermal
Page 313 and 314: 20010023068 Tennessee Univ., Dept.
Page 315 and 316: is crucial to the successful landin
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general public is definitely intere
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20010023093 Jet Propulsion Lab., Ca
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exploration, examine specific optio
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tions of water. Often, due to lower
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With the exploration strategy for M
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necessary to ensure delivery of a s
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20010023133 Jet Propulsion Lab., Ca
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spectral studies to the field, and
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93 SPACE RADIATION ��
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ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION, 163, 205 ATM
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DEW POINT, 165 DIAGNOSIS, 217, 220,
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GRAVITATION, 54, 84, 88, 110, 111,
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MATRIX THEORY, 270 MEASURING INSTRU
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ST-10 Q QUALITY CONTROL, 11, 213 QU
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ST-12 T TARGET RECOGNITION, 265 TAS
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A Abdelguerfi, Mahdi, 252 Abramo, R
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Cledassou, R., 311 Clemmet, J., 306
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Gorelick, N., 294 Gorevan, S. P., 4
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Kupinski, Matthew A., 256 Kuznetz,
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Parks, C. H., 249 Parr, T. P., 38 P
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Swisdak, Michael M., Jr., 37 Szalew
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