Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 39 April 6, 2001

tions of water. Often, due to lower temperatures coupled with the superior insulation properties of the surrounding rock, these
accumulations are in the form of ice. Historically, ice was mined from some lava tube caves. Many of the lava tubes in the Central
Oregon area sport such names as ”Arnolds Ice Cave,” ”Surveyors Ice Cave,” ”South Ice Cave,” etc. These caves are not caves
in ice, but rather common lava tubes with seasonal, and sometimes perennial ice deposits. Locating and cataloging similar features
on Mars, could be of value for the colonization of Mars and the search for life. Such features may also prove useful in helping
to determine past climatic conditions on the Red Planet.
Derived from text
Mars (Planet); Caves; Ice; Planetary Geology
20010023106 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
Mars Oxidant: Proof of Concept and Quantitative Analysis
Freund, Friedemann, NASA Ames Research Center, USA; Staple, Aaron, Stanford Univ., USA; Gosling, Paul, San Jose State
Univ., USA; Belisle, Warren, Lockheed Martin Engineering and Science Services, USA; Concepts and Approaches for Mars
Exploration; July 2000, Part 1, pp. 116-117; In English; See also 20010023036; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; A03,
Microfiche
Textbooks make us believe that in every silicate mineral, on Earth, Mars and elsewhere, the oxygen anions exist in just one
oxidation state, namely 2(-) as in 0(-2). Yet, a surprisingly large fraction of the oxygen anions in rock-forming minerals may exist
in a more oxidized form, namely the 1- state, as 0(-) in peroxy. This has far-reaching consequences for understanding the Mars
soil oxidant and its biocompatibility.
Derived from text
Mars Surface; Biocompatibility; Quantitative Analysis; Anions; Oxygen
20010023107 Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA USA
Connecting Robots and Humans in Mars Exploration
Friedman, Louis, Planetary Society, USA; Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration; July 2000, Part 1, pp. 118; In English;
See also 20010023036; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; A03, Microfiche
Mars exploration is a very special public interest. It’s preeminence in the national space policy calling for ”sustained robotic
presence on the surface,” international space policy (witness the now aborted international plan for sample return, and also aborted
Russian ”national Mars program”) and the media attention to Mars exploration are two manifestations of that interest. Among
a large segment of the public there is an implicit (mis)understanding that we are sending humans to Mars. Even among those who
know that isn’t already a national or international policy, many think it is the next human exploration goal. At the same time the
resources for Mars exploration in the U.S. and other country’s space programs are a very small part of space budgets. Very little
is being applied to direct preparations for human flight. This was true before the 1999 mission losses in the USA, and it is more
true today. The author’s thesis is that the public interest and the space program response to Mars exploration are inconsistent. This
inconsistency probably results from an explicit space policy contradiction: Mars exploration is popular because of the implicit
pull of Mars as the target for human exploration, but no synergy is permitted between the human and robotic programs to carry
out the program. It is not permitted because of narrow, political thinking. In this paper we try to lay out the case for overcoming
that thinking, even while not committing to any premature political initiative. This paper sets out a rationale for Mars exploration
and uses it to then define recommended elements of the programs: missions, science objectives, technology. That consideration
is broader than the immediate issue of recovering from the failures of Mars Climate OrbIter, Mars Polar Lander and the Deep Space
2 microprobes in late 1999. But we cannot ignore those failures. They are causing a slow down Mars exploration. Not only were
the three missions lost, with their planned science and technology investigations, but the 2001 Mars Surveyor lander; and an international
cooperative effort for robotic Mars sample return were also lost.
Derived from text
Mars Exploration; Public Relations; Mars Missions
20010023108 Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA USA
Public Participation in Planetary Exploration
Friedman, Louis, Planetary Society, USA; Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration; July 2000, Part 1, pp. 119; In English;
See also 20010023036; No Copyright; Abstract Only; Available from CASI only as part of the entire parent document
In the past several years The Planetary Society has created several innovative opportunities for general public participation
in the exploration of the solar system and the search for extraterrestrial life. The conduct of such exploration has traditionally been
the province of a few thousand, at most, of professionally involved scientists and engineers. Yet the rationale for spending
resources required by broad and far-reaching exploration involves a greater societal interest - it frequently being noted that the
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