Session 1 - Montefiore

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most important. Insulating only the roof and replacing the windows by high-performance glazing also reduce the environmental impacts over the entire life cycle, because although more material is used in the renovation phase, the energy consumption is significantly reduced after the upgrades. The reduction of impacts is greater between the non-insulated house and the lightly insulated house than it is between the lightly insulated house and the standard insulated house. In terms of transportation, the Fontaine neighborhood, located close to a city center with good bus service, consumes less energy per capita for all types of trips (work, school, shopping and leisure) taken into account than the two other neighborhoods. In each case, home-to-work trips consume more energy per capita than home-to-school and home-to-shop and leisure trips because travel distances are greater. In fact, most Walloon towns, even the most rural ones, have several schools and shops, whereas work locations are concentrated in larges city centers and suburban business parks. Finally, the use of public buses is higher for home-to-school trips than for home-to-work trips, which also explains the better results obtained for this activity. Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most relevant factors for improving the energy efficiency of the neighborhoods under study. These factors included insulation (three scenario are tested) and orientation and building distribution, both relating to urban form. We tested the impact of location (in terms of distance to city center and bus services), vehicle performance, travel distance and modal choice on the overall energy consumption. Finally, the management of the heating system was analyzed to determine the impact of inhabitant behavior. Table 5 summarizes the energy consumption reductions for all the components (building heating + building hot water, appliance and cooking + transportation + public lighting). Table 5. Overall Energy Consumption Reductions Obtained for Each Strategy Energy performance of buildings Case 1: Tintigny Case 2: Fontaine Case 3: Jambes AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 13
1. Improving the insulation of houses (all houses are retrofitted to reach the actual standard) 2. 50% of the pre-1981 stock is upgraded (insulation in the roof) 3. 50% of the pre-1981 stock is upgraded (insulation in the roof and new high- performance glazing) -29.7% -39.5% -21.8% -2.2.% -8.9% -1.0% -3.3% -10.8% -1.8% 4. Orientation of the houses and neighborhoods -1.3% -1.2% -1.3% 5. More compact distribution of buildings (terraced and semi-detached houses) Transportation -14.9% - -10.0% 6. Favorable location (as in Case 2) -18.0% - -6.1% 7. Improving vehicle performance (private cars and public buses) by 10% 8. 20% of the inhabitants opting public transportation instead of private car Inhabitant behavior 9. More efficient management of the heating system (19°C/15°C versus 19°C constant) -6.1% -2.5% -4.8% -2.4% -1.0% -1.8% -11.5% -13.8% -16.5% These results indicate that improving building insulation is the most relevant strategy in the reduction of overall energy consumption. Assuming that all the houses were retrofitted with 60 mm (2.36 in.) of polyurethane insulation in the vertical façades and the slab and with 100 mm (3.94 in.) of mineral wool insulation in the roof, the overall consumption is reduced by 29.7%, 39.5% and 21.8% in the three neighborhoods. These results are mainly due to the low rate of insulation in the Walloon region of Belgium in relation to the temperate climate. Adding insulation in the roof and replacing windows by high- performance glazing of 50% of the building stock built before the first thermal regulation is a more credible approach for the households but do not allow to reach the actual standard. A part of the potential energy AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 14
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Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
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Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
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Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
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Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
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Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
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Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
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Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
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EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
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Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Urban sprawl — a European challen
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from city centres, while retaining
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growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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esidential density, sprawl is equal
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
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The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
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also clearly demonstrate city spraw
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Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
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Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
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Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
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emote locations and requiring trans
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4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
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Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
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the societal cost of asthma has bee
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Box 8 Effects of residential areas
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Page 60 and 61: European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63: Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
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Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75: European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
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Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83: intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85: electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87: The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
Page 92 and 93: (INSEE) in France, the Office for N
Page 94 and 95: Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
Page 96 and 97: A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99: application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
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Page 106 and 107: transportation represents 11.8% to
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Page 112 and 113: measurements because of high variat
Page 114 and 115: Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119: PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
Page 126 and 127: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
Page 128 and 129: year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131: The new built density of the neighb
Page 134 and 135: uilding” approach. A large amount
Page 136 and 137: C. Comparison of our classification
Page 138: In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
Page 149 and 150: as well as the ability to test fore
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Page 155 and 156: interdependences between urban stru
Page 157 and 158: These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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