Session 1 - Montefiore

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European regional forces generating urban sprawl with impacts beyond the control of urban managers at the local level. For these reasons, policies at all levels need to have an urban dimension that tackles urban sprawl and helps to redress market failures that drive urban sprawl and undermine a sustainable vision for the spatial planning of urban Europe. The EU white paper on European governance provides the following framework of principles underpinning good governance that assists in defining a framework for intervention to counter sprawl at all levels: • Policy coherence: ensuring that policies are coherent and not sector-specific and that decisions taken at regional and local levels are coherent with a broader set of principles; • Responsiveness to local conditions: flexibility in the means provided for implementing legislation and programmes with a strong territorial impact; • Cooperation in policy development: development of systematic dialogue and increased cooperation with European and national associations of regional and local government. 5.4.1 Policy coherence Policy coherence provides the first principle of good governance through which the EU can support initiatives to counter urban sprawl. Cities can benefit from initiatives and programmes spanning the entire realm of European Commission competence; the framework for trilateral agreements between the EU, national governments and regional/local authorities (COM(2002)709) provides a specific example, and some agreements have already been signed, e.g. Milan (Laconte P., 2006). However, cities also need a long term sustainable policy vision to help synchronise the many critical success factors, including mobility, access to the natural environment, social and cultural opportunity, and employment, which all form the basis for sustainable urban development. At present, in many cases, the policy vision is poorly articulated permitting a market driven approach to dominate over the interests of sustainable development, a deficiency exacerbated by poor integration between the levels of governance. The EU can set the tone and direction for sectoral policy integration in cities whilst recognising that planning responses to the problem of sprawl must also be sensitive to the local and regional mix of priorities. Responses to urban sprawl As it stands, EU Cohesion Policy (2007–2013) offers an effective framework to build a coordinated and integrated approach to the sustainable development of urban and rural areas. The approach is essential to ameliorate the impacts of urban sprawl and specific actions include: • coordination of land use policies, as well as Structural and Cohesion Funds investments between urban areas, rural areas, the regions and the national levels to manage urban sprawl. Initiatives to make urban areas and city centres attractive places to live and support the containment of urban sprawl; • encouragement to Member States to explicitly delegate to cities funds addressing urban issues within Structural Funds operational programmes, with full responsibility throughout the process for the design and implementation of the delegated portion of the programme; • investments to achieve compliance with EU laws on air quality, waste-water treatment, waste management, water supply and environmental noise. Active management of congestion, transport demand and public transport networks, with a view to improving air quality, reducing noise and encouraging physical activity all of which can assist in addressing the sprawl of cities; • co-financing of activities under the Structural Funds based on plans that address the key challenges posed by sprawl and the improvement of the overall environmental quality of urban areas. 5.4.2 Responsiveness to local conditions Responsiveness to local conditions provides the second principle of good governance through which the EU can support initiatives to counter urban sprawl. The principle emphasises the need for flexibility in the means provided for implementing EU legislation and programmes with a strong territorial impact. The EU Urban Thematic Strategy offers an umbrella framework to support actions and solutions developed at the local level to address urban management problems including urban sprawl. The strategy offers a coordinated and integrated approach to assist Member States and local and regional authorities to meet existing environmental obligations, to develop environmental management plans and sustainable urban transport plans, and so to reinforce the environment contribution to the sustainable development of urban areas. Urban sprawl in Europe 41
42 Responses to urban sprawl Box 9 Dresden and Prague: economic growth and new transport links German reunification and the collapse of the communist block led to changes in the economic regime from planned to market economy in both the former east Germany and the Czech Republic. Adaptation to the market economy caused many dramatic changes in traditional economic structures, such as a decrease in GDP and a high rate of unemployment, up to 25 % in Saxony. Towards the end of the 1990s, gradual but sustainable recovery of the economy commenced and political and social reforms took hold. These changes have created completely new driving forces for urban development. EU membership has also led to the growing engagement with European markets and access to EU development schemes e.g. TEN-T, ERDF, Cohesion Fund etc. For the new EU Member States (EU-10) gross domestic product is expected to triple and the number of households is projected to double between 2000 and 2030 (EEA, 2005). But in contrast to economic growth, the demographic trends for EU-10 show significant decreases of population, up to 7 % by 2030 (EEA, 2005). It is clear that all the above-mentioned changes will have a strong impact on land use patterns in the area. Dresden–Prague: key driving forces for urban development 1950s to 1990s 1990s to present Economy • Planning economy • Market economy • Emphasis on heavy industry and mining • Foreign (Czech Republic)/western German investments • Emphasis on modern high-tech industries, commerce and services • Construction boom Population/urbanisation • Slowing population growth since the 1970s • Decrease and ageing population • Migration to the cities due to industrialisation • Migration of rural population into the cities compensates natural decrease of population in cities • Emigration to western Europe for better jobs (Saxony) Housing and planning policy • Limited market for residential and land • Open market for residential and land properties properties • Land price was not considered in the planning • Private sector interests competing with public process, dominance of political decisions interests in the planning process • Construction of vast areas of block houses for • Low land prices outside cities and people's industry workers (especially the Czech Republic) preference to move to one-family houses Infrastructure • Emphasis on public transport and rail • Growing importance of motorways Future development paths: scenarios Business-as-usual: Extrapolates moderate 1990s trends of land use change, indicating that the land use patterns of the area will not change considerably over the next two decades. Built-up expansion: Elaborates the socio-economic projections of the European Environmental Agency. Motorway impact: Evaluates the impact of motorway development (A17/D8 part of TEN Corridor IV). Around Dresden new residential districts are situated adjacent to existing ones and lead to the merging together of former clusters. Construction of the new motorway around the city from west to south creates a new development axis for commercial and industrial areas. The simulation results for Prague show a very different, more clustered type of future development. The radial network of motorways connecting the city to different destinations attracts the development of commercial zones and produces more clustered patterns of growth. The municipalities located in the vicinity of Prague experience intensive residential development and hence it can be assumed that demand for new housing will remain strong. Urban sprawl in Europe
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Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
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Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
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Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
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Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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